The Rate Debate Slowing
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AT: CoralCoral will adapt to acidification and climate change Sherwood, Keith, and Craig Idso et al 2012 (Craig, PhD in geography @Arizona State, M.S. in Agronomy from U Nebraska) The Future of Earth's Coral Reefs Debated in Science http://co2science.org/articles/V15/N3/EDIT.php In our editorial of 17 August 2011, we discussed the paper of Pandolfi et al. (2011a) that was published in Science on 22 July 2011, wherein we briefly reported the many ways in which they suggested Earth's coral reefs might successfully respond to the dual challenge of projected rapid increases in temperature and ocean acidification. As might have been expected, however, their optimistic analysis was not well received by the world's climate alarmists, who in the 16 December 2011 issue of Science - via the persons of Hoegh-Guldberg et al. (2011) - cast many aspersions on it. Fortunately, Pandolfi et al. (2011b) were given the opportunity of responding to them and deflating their arguments. The four researchers begin by rebutting Hoegh-Guldberg et al.'s claim that evolutionary responses of corals to global warming are highly improbable in light of the warming's IPCC-projected rapidity, noting that "the hypothesis that adaptation cannot occur over decadal time scales has been shown repeatedly to be incorrect." More specifically, they state that research has shown that "numerous and complex physiological, metabolic, and morphological changes can occur rapidly and repeatedly among independently evolving lineages," citing in this regard the studies of Hendry and Kinnison (1999), Levinton et al. (2003) and Tobler et al. (2011). Pandolfi and colleagues next rebut Hoegh-Guldberg et al.'s contention that characteristics of endosymbiosis will impede adaptation in corals. This they do by noting that "endosymbionts and hosts, if anything, evolve more rapidly than their free-living counterparts," citing in this regard the research findings of Woolfit and Bromham (2003) and Pal et al. (2007).
Sherwood, Keith, and Craig Idso et al 2012 (Craig, PhD in geography @Arizona State, M.S. in Agronomy from U Nebraska) Corals Dying from Weather-Induced Heating and Cooling ... But Surviving Climate-Induced Heating and Cooling http://co2science.org/articles/V15/N7/EDIT.php In a paper published in Global Change Biology, Kemp et al. (2011) write that "considerable attention has been given to worldwide coral reef decline over the last several years with major emphasis placed on the negative effects of increased seawater temperatures," which typically lead to coral bleaching and subsequent death; but they also note that "imposed low-temperature stress can cause coral bleaching by inducing responses similar to elevated-temperature, including reduction in Symbiodinium cell density and chlorophyll a content, as well as photoinhibition," citing the work of Steen and Muscatine (1987), Saxby et al. (2003), Hoegh-Guldberg and Fine (2004) and Hoegh-Guldberg et al. (2005). And they go on to demonstrate this latter fact via an analysis of coral responses to two closely-spaced cold fronts that caused sudden and severe seawater cooling in February and March of 2010 in the upper Florida (USA) Keys that led to "a mass die-off of reef-building corals," thereby convincingly illustrating that both unusually warm and unusually cold temperatures, such as are caused by fluctuations in weather conditions, are equally adept at killing corals and their algal symbionts. Over the long term, however, when either warmer or cooler conditions are the result of much slower changes in climate, such need not be the case. Consider, for example, the Little Ice Age (LIA). In a study of the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP) - which is defined by the >28.5°C isotherm and develops annually in the northern Caribbean during early summer (June) and expands into the Gulf of Mexico and western tropical North Atlantic through the late summer (July-October) - Richey et al. (2009) found that "geochemical proxy records from corals, sclerosponges and foraminifera in the region encompassed by the AWP show a large (2-3°C) cooling during the LIA," citing, in this regard, the work of Winter et al. (2000), Watanabe et al. (2001), Nyberg et al. (2002), Haase-Schramm et al. (2003), Black et al. (2007) and Kilbourne et al. (2008). And in reporting the results of a study of a large brain coral that lived throughout the 17th century on the shallow seafloor off the island of Bermuda, Cohen and Madin (2007) say that although seawater temperatures at that time and location were about 1.5°C colder than it is there today, "the coral grew faster than the corals there now." Other studies have shown earth's corals to be able to cope with climate-induced warmings as well as coolings. In a study of patch reefs of the Florida Keys, for example, Greenstein et al. (1998) found that Acropora cervicornis corals exhibited "long-term persistence" during both "Pleistocene and Holocene time," the former of which periods exhibited climatic changes of large magnitude, some with significantly greater warmth than currently prevails on earth; and these climate changes had almost no effect on this long-term dominant of Caribbean coral reefs. Hence, there is good reason to not be too concerned about long-term changes in climate possibly harming earth's corals. They apparently have the ability to handle whatever nature may throw at them in this regard. AT: CyclonesCo2 reduces destructive power of extratropical cyclones. Michaels & Balling 9 (Michaels has a Ph.D. in ecological climatology from the University of Wisconsin at Madison, Michaels holds A.B. and S.M. degrees in biological sciences and plant ecology from the University of Chicago, now a Senior Research Fellow for Policy and Economic Development at George Mason University, a contributing author and reviewer of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, Balling is a professor of geography at Arizona State University, and the former director of its Office of Climatology. 2009 "Climate of Extremes : Global Warming Science They Don't Want You to Know" The Cato Institute. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/umich/Doc?id=10379650&ppg=20) Every strong European cyclone in the last decade has prompted a similar outcry. If there’s a big storm, a reporter will find an ‘‘expert’’ who will conflate the wind with global warming. Just Google ‘‘news’’ after the next one to prove this to yourself. All of this seems a bit illogical. Although hurricanes are, in part, driven by the heat of the ocean, there’s a pretty strong debate, noted in chapter 3, about their relation to global warming. But the mechanism that creates and feeds extratropical cyclones is a lot different. They’re driven by the jet stream, a circumpolar vortex of high-energy westerly winds that undulates over all our hemisphere with the exception of the low latitudes. In fact, when the jet does manage to reach into the tropics and encounters a hurricane, the hurricane’s days, if not hours, are numbered because of massive wind shear. The top of the storm can be blown a hundred miles away from the bottom. Consequently, the same mechanism that causes extratropical cyclones is one that destroys hurricanes. You would think, then, if global warming were making extratropical storms stronger, there should be some concomitant weakening of hurricanes. The jet stream is nature’s way of dissipating the temperature difference between polar and tropical regions in the form of motion. The greater the temperature difference between the poles and the tropics, the stronger the jet, and, everything else being equal (dangerous words), the stronger extratropical storms can become. But the reverse is what should happen. As noted in chapter 1, changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide result in a preferential warming of the coldest days, and of cold, dry air more than warm, moist air. Changing the greenhouse effect then must reduce the temperature contrast between the (warm, moist) tropical and (dry, cold) polar regions, which reduces the temperature difference that drives the jet stream. In turn, this should tame the power of extratropical cyclones. 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