EVEN A PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE VACCINE SOLVES AND OUTWEIGHS ANY TURNS

EVEN A PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE VACCINE SOLVES AND OUTWEIGHS ANY TURNS

21. AND, ADVANCE MARKET COMMITMENTS WOULD CREATE A PROFIT INCENTIVE FOR SECOND-GENERATION VACCINES

22. U.S. LEADERSHIP IS CRITICAL TO A VACCINE—NO DISEASE HAS BEEN ERADICATED WITHOUT IT

24. ONLY THE UNITED STATES CAN ELIMINATE AIDS—GLOBAL LEADERSHIP IS KEY AND NO OTHER COUNTRY CAN DO IT

25. THE CDC HAS UNIQUE HIV VACCINE RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

26. THE CDC IS THE BEST AGENCY IN THE WORLD TO DO THE PLAN—THIS EVIDENCE ACCOUNTS FOR CRITICISM AND CONCLUDES AFF

27. THE U.S. ALREADY HAS EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGH PEPFAR—IT’S THE BEST IN THE WORLD

1. THE GLOBE AND MAIL 8-19-2006

None of this, ... in the spotlight."

28. THIS PRE-EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE IS KEY TO VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS

30. USAID INVOLVEMENT IS KEY TO LEADERSHIP AND DISTRIBUTION—DESPITE SHORTCOMINGS, USAID IS STILL THE MOST EFFECTIVE AGENCY FOR PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE—IT HAS THE MOST RESOURCES AND THE BEST ORGANIZATION

31. UNDERVIEW:

32. FIRST, NO DISAD CAN TURN THE CASE—VACCINES WILL BE DISTRIBUTED EVEN IN THE MIDST OF CRISIS—WE ALSO DON’T LINK TO SPENDING OR AID TRADEOFF

33. AND, WAR DOES NOT TURN THE CASE—NEW STUDIES PROVE IT DOES NOT CAUSE HIV SPREAD

CONTENTION ONE: TERRORISM

THE MOST DANGEROUS NUCLEAR REACTOR IN THE WORLD IS IN THE CONGO. POLITICAL INSTABILITY, EXTREME POVERTY, AND THE LACK OF BASIC SAFEGUARDS MAKE DISASTER INEVITABLE, BUT LOCAL SCIENTISTS WILL INSIST ON POWERING UP THE DEATHTRAP BECAUSE THE U.S. IS NOT COMMITTED TO THE SAFE DEVELOPMENT OF CONGOLESE NUCLEAR POWER.

“In a crumbling concrete building on the … 10 to 15 years of Congolese atom-splitting.”

REGARDLESS OF RHETORIC, TERRORISTS DO NOT YET HAVE NUCLEAR WEAPONS BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN FOCUSING ON FORMER SOVIET STATES WHERE SECURITY IS STRONG. THE KINSHASA REACTOR IS UNIQUELY VULNERABLE, AND IT IS ONLY A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE AL QAEDA IS ARMED WITH AFRICAN HEAT.
DALY ET. AL, 2K5 (Sara, Research Analyst at RAND, former CIA terrorism analyst, Middle East and South Asia, former CIA counterterrorism representative, Department of State; John Parachini, Director, Intelligence Policy Center, RAND National Security Research Division, former Executive Director, Washington office, Monterey Institute of International Studies' Center for Nonproliferation Studies; William Rosenau, Political Scientist at RAND, former Senior Policy Adviser in the State Department's counterterrorism office; “Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism,” http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/2005/RAND_DB458.pdf)

“A third hypothesis is that the nuclear weapons and … but at the end of the day the controls provided by international accountability systems proved to be limited.”

THE KINSHASA REACTOR IS NOT MEETING IAEA SAFEGUARD STANDARDS, AND CURRENT POLICIES WILL FAIL TO MAKE THE SITE SAFE. THIS MAKES TERRORIST SMUGGLING INEVITABLE, AND INVALIDATES IAEA INSPECTION LEGITIMACY.
CRAIL AND BERGENAS, 2K7 (Peter, Research Assistant at Center for Nonproliferation Studies, and Johan, Research Assistant at Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Uranium Smuggling Allegations Raise Questions Concerning Nuclear Security In The Democratic Republic Of Congo,” WMD Insights, April, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/other/wmdi070403a.htm)

“Given the details that have unfolded thus … the recurring concerns regarding the security of the DRC’s nuclear resources. [18]”

AND, GROUPS ARE MOVING ON THE CONGO TO EXPLOIT THE REACTOR.
REUTERS, 2K7 (Joe Bavier, “Congo scientist planned to export uranium-minister,” 3/08, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L0845529.htm)

“A government minister in Congo on Thursday … sensitive material: uranium and other radioactive minerals," he told reporters.”

THE U.S. IS LOSING ALL CREDIBILITY ON PROLIFERATION BECAUSE OF A FAILURE TO SUPPORT NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS AT UNSAFE FACILITIES. CRACKING DOWN IN THE CONGO IS THE NECESSARY PREREQUISITE TO ANY ATTEMPT TO STOP NUCLEAR MATERIALS FROM GETTING INTO THE HANDS OF TERRORISTS, AND ONCE THEY CROSS THIS THRESHOLD THE FIREWORKS WILL BEGIN.

“But it's a win that almost didn't happen. Indeed, …the same places where they have languished, underfunded and largely ignored, for years.”

COHEN, 2K5 (Ariel, Ph.D., is Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies at Heritage Foundation, 5/20, “Preventing a Nightmare Scenario: Terrorist Attacks Using Russian Nuclear Weapons and Materials,” http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandSecurity/bg1854.cfm)

“In 2003, Sheikh Nasir bin Hamid al-Fahd, … a nuclear bomb. The IAEA has documented cases of HEU theft.[11]”
ACCESS TO URANIUM IS THE FINAL STEP IN CONSTRUCTING A WEAPOn

TAYLOR, 96 (Theodore, former nuclear weapons designer and former Deputy Director of the Defense Nuclear Agency, board member of the Nuclear Control Institute, “Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons,” July, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/1996/07/00_taylor_nuclear-power.htm)

“There are many possible degrees of drift or … and probably also for decades in the other four declared nuclear weapon states.”
a nuclear terror attack causes miscalculation and nuclear war

SPEICE, 2K6 (Patrick, J.D. Candidate 2006, Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, “NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,” William & Mary Law Review, Feb, l/n)

“The potential consequences of the unchecked spread … conflicts will draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. 53”

CONTENTION TWO: PROLIF

THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY IS UP FOR REVIEW, BUT NOW IS THE KEY TIME TO RESTORE REGIME CREDIBILITY.

JOHNSON, 2K7

“Difficult though it may be, especially after … security needs of the 21st century, 40 years after the NPT was concluded.”

UNFORTUNATELY, THE U.S. IS GOING IT ALONE ON NONPROLIFERATION. FAILURE TO ACTIVELY PROMOTE IAEA NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS COLLAPSES ANY HOPE OF REVIVING THE NPT.

WASHINGTON POST, 2K

“Elbaradei had proposed this year … other countries have formally pledged to forgo nuclear weapons and accept IAEA inspections.”

CONGO HAS A UNIQUE PLACE IN THE NONPROLIFERATION SYSTEM. INCREASING SAFEGUARD CREDIBILITY IN AFRICA IS CRUTIAL TO N.P.T. CREDIBILITY.
KAMANDA, 2K5
(Gerard, Minister of Scientific Research and Technology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Interview in CTBTO Newsletter, Issue 6, July, http://www.ctbto.org/reference/outreach/260705_spectrum6_web_final.pdf)

“Q: The Treaty of Pelindaba establishing the African … during the 48th Session of the General Conference of IAEA in September 2004.”

“Many diplomats say the challenge now …spread of nuclear weapons is a fundamental American interest."

AND RAPID, COVERT PROLIFERATION IS UNIQUELY DESTABILIZING. EVEN REALISTS AGREE THAT WILDFIRE PROLIFERATION MUST BE PREVENTED.
ROBERTS, 99
(Brad, research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses in Alexandria, Virginia, and a member of the editorial board of The Nonproliferation Review, “Proliferation and Nonproliferation in the 1990s,” Nonproliferation Review, Fall)

“What then is at stake? In response to some catalytic event, entire regions could … others. Were it to unravel, the world would change fundamentally.”

THE IMPACT IS ESCALATORY NUCLEAR WAR.
UTGOFF, 2K2
(Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the
Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions,” Survival, V. 44, Summer)

“First, the dynamics of getting to a highly proliferated world could be very dangerous. … the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.”

MOLODSTOVA, 94 (Elena, former professor of International Law at Moscow State Institute of International Relations, “Nuclear Energy and Environmental Protection: Responses of International Law,” Pace Environmental Law Review, Fall, l/n)

“In this section, the author will show, first, that nuclear …within the scope of the IAEA inspectors's duties. 123 “
THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION.

GONÇALVES, 2K1 (Eduardo, environmental researcher, author of the reports Broken Arrow - Greenham Common's Secret Nuclear Accident and Nuclear Guinea Pigs - British Human Radiation Experiments, published by CNL) (UK), “The Secret Nuclear War,” Ecologist, April)

“But could radiation really be to blame for these deaths? Are … requires a new word to describe it: omnicide.”

CONTENTION THREE: SOLVENCY

ONLY THE UNITED STATES HAS THE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE TO INSPECT AND MONITOR FOREIGN NUCLEAR FACILITIES. EMPIRICALLY THIS IMPROVES SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY, AND OTHER COUNTRIES WILL MODEL THE IAEA SAFEGUARD SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED BY THE PLAN.

ONLY THE U.S. HAS EFFECTIVE REGULATORY SCHEMES FOR NUCLEAR PLANTS, AND THIS IS UNIQUELY IMPORTANT FOR THE CONGO.

BURKE, 2K6 (Taylor, J.D., University of Tulsa, 2006, “NUCLEAR ENERGY AND PROLIFERATION: PROBLEMS, OBSERVATIONS, AND PROPOSALS,” Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law, Winter)

“These cases illustrate a unique aspect of the … focuses on. The next section discusses how the technology creates those risks.”