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| United States Army Aviation Center
Fort Rucker, Alabama AUGUST 2003 
STUDENT HANDOUT TITLE: AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL FILE NUMBER: 63-0614-16 PROPONENT FOR THIS LESSON PLAN IS: Aviation Training Brigade ATTN: ATZQ-ATB-AD Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362-5000 FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTIONS: This product/publication has been reviewed by the product developers in coordination with the USAAVNC foreign disclosure authority. This product is releasable to students from all requesting foreign countries without restrictions. NOTES TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE (TLO): NOTE: Read, or have one of the students read, the TLO requirement. At the completion of this lesson the student will: ACTION: Perform assigned missions. CONDITION: While conducting instrument training/evaluation. STANDARD: In accordance with (IAW) Federal Aviation Administration Handbook (FAAH) 7110.65, AR 95-1, and DOD FLIP. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS: None. TRAINING RISK ASSESSMENT CODE: Low. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: None. EVALUATION: After completing the PE, each student will be evaluated on this block of instruction by completing a one (1) hour Criterion Test. The test consists of 20 questions in one (1) scoreable unit. Each student must receive a GO to successfully complete the examination. A. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #1. ACTION: Identify the Air Traffic Control facilities. CONDITION: Without the use of notes. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on Air Traffic Control facilities. a. Air traffic control facilities. (1) Definition. ATC is a service provided by an appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. (2) Aviator responsibility. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR 91.123) states that when an ATC clearance/instruction has been obtained, no pilot in command may deviate from that clearance/instruction except in an emergency, unless an amended clearance/instruction is obtained. AR 95-1 requires ARMY aircraft to be operated IAW FAR’s while in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) jurisdiction. b. Responsibilities and services provided by ATC. Separation is the primary responsibility of all ATC agencies. Other services are provided as necessary. c. ATC facility. (1) Air route traffic control center (ARTCC). (a) Responsibility. Control of en route air traffic control service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace. Services provided to VFR aircraft based on workload and equipment capabilities. (b) Area of jurisdiction. This area may cover an area as large or larger than some states. Generally above 10,000' MSL. (c) Communications network. Direct pilot/controller communication is provided by remote transceiver sites. (2) Approach control. A terminal ATC facility that provides approach control service in a terminal area. (a) Requirements to establish. The airport must have an approved instrument approach, direct pilot/controller communications, and letter(s) of agreement (LOA). (b) Types of control. Radar is predominate today; however, some non-radar control still exists. (3) Control tower. Provides traffic control service to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area to include ground control. d. Flight service station (FSS). A supporting agency to ATC (no control of traffic). (1) Services. Provide pilot briefings, en route communications and VFR search and rescue services, assist lost aircraft and aircraft in emergency situations, relay ATC clearances, originate Notices to Airmen (NOTAM), broadcast aviation weather and National Airspace System (NAS) information, receive and process IFR flight plans, and monitor NAVAIDS. In addition, at selected locations FSSs provide En Route Flight Advisory Service (Flight Watch), take weather observations, issue airport advisories, and advise Customs and Immigration of transborder flights. (2) Communications network. Service "B" teletype, tie-in to military base operations, ARTCC, and other FSSs. B. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #2. ACTION: State the communication phraseology requirement. CONDITION: Without the use of notes. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the communication phraseology requirement. a. Communication procedures. (1) Radio message format (2-4-8). (a) Sector/position on initial radio contact: 1. Identification of aircraft. 2. Identification of ATC unit. 3. Message (if any). 4. The word "over" if required. (b) Subsequent radio transmissions from same sector/position shall use the same format, except the identification of the ATC unit may be omitted. TERMINAL. You may omit aircraft identification after initial contact when conducting the final portion of a radar approach. (2) Abbreviated transmissions (2-4-9). (a) Use identification prefix and last three digits of identification after communications have been established. Example: "Army 345." (b) Omit facility identification after communication is established. (c) Transmit message immediately after call up (without waiting for the aircraft’s reply) when the message is short and receipt is generally assured. (d) Omit "over" if the message obviously required a reply. Example: "ARMY 345 SAY ALTITUDE." (3) Number usage (2-4-17). (a) Serial numbers. The separate digits. Example: 11,495 (ONE ONE FOUR NINER FIVE). (b) Altitude or flight level. 1. Altitudes. Pronounce each digit in the number of hundreds or thousands followed by the word "hundred" or "thousand" as appropriate. Altitudes may be restated in group form for added clarity if the controller chooses. Example: 10,000 (ONE ZERO THOUSAND) and can be followed by (TEN THOUSAND) for clarity. 2. Flight levels. The words "flight level" followed by the separate digits. Example: FL 180 (FLIGHT LEVEL ONE EIGHT ZERO). (c) Time. 1. General. The four separate digits of the hour and minute/s in terms of UTC. Example: 0715 (ZERO SEVEN ONE FIVE). 2. Abbreviated time. The separate digits of the minutes only. Example: 1415 (ONE FIVE) and 1420 (TWO ZERO). (d) Altimeter setting. The word "altimeter" followed by the separate digits. Example: 30.01 (ALTIMETER, THREE ZERO ZERO ONE). (e) Surface wind. The word "wind" followed by separate digits of the indicated wind direction to the nearest 10-degree multiple, the word "at" and the separate digits of indicated velocity in knots. Example: "WIND ZERO THREE ZERO AT TWO FIVE." (f) Heading. The word "heading" followed by the three separate digits of the number, omitting the word "degrees." Use heading 360 to indicate a north heading." Example: "HEADING ZERO ZERO FIVE." (g) Radar beacon codes. The separate digits of the 4-digit code. Example: "TWO ONE ZERO ZERO." (h) Runways. The word "runway," followed by the separate digits of the runway designation. Example: "RUNWAY THREE or RUNWAY TWO ONE." (i) Frequencies. The separate digits of the frequency, inserting the word "point" where the decimal occurs. Example: "ONE TWO SIX POINT FIVE FIVE or THREE SIX NINER POINT ZERO." NOTE: When the frequency is in the L/MF band, include the word "kiloHertz." (j) Speeds. The separate digits of the speed followed by "knots" except as required by para 5-7-2. Example: "NINER ZERO KNOTS." (k) Miles. The separate digits of the mileage followed by the word "mile." Example: "THREE ZERO MILE ARC EAST OF NOTTINGHAM" or "TRAFFIC, ONE O'CLOCK, TWO FIVE MILES, NORTHBOUND, D-C EIGHT, FLIGHT LEVEL TWO SEVEN ZERO." (4) Facility identification (2-4-19). (a) Towers. State the name of the facility followed by the word "tower." Example: "CAIRNS TOWER." (b) ARTCC. State the name of the facility followed by the word "center." Example: "ATLANTA CENTER." (c) Approach control. State the name of the facility followed by the word "approach." Example: "DENVER APPROACH." NOTE: Departure control is the same. Example: "CAIRNS DEPARTURE." (d) FSS. State the name of the station followed by the word "radio." Example: "ANNISTON RADIO." (5) Route and NAVAID description (2-5-1 thru 2-5-3). (a) Airways and routes. 1. VOR, VORTAC, and TACAN airways. State the word "Victor" followed by the number of the airway in group form. Example: "VICTOR TWELVE" or "VICTOR FIVE TWENTY-ONE." 2. L/MF airways. State the color of the airway followed by the number in group form. Example: "BLUE EIGHTY-ONE." (b) NAVAIDS. Describe radials and courses as follows: 1. VOR, VORTAC, and TACAN. State the name of the NAVAID followed by the separate digits of the radial/azimuth/bearing (omit the word "degrees") and the word "radial." Example: "WIREGRASS ZERO TWO ZERO RADIAL." 2. Quadrant within a radius of NAVAID. State direction from NAVAID in terms of the quadrant; e.g., NE, SE, SW, NW, followed by the distance in miles from the NAVAID. Example: "CLEARED TO FLY SOUTHWEST QUADRANT OF CAIRNS VOR WITHIN TWO FIVE MILE RADIUS." 3. Nondirectional beacons. State the course to or bearing from the radio beacon, omitting the word "degree," followed by the words "course to" or "bearing from," the name of the radio beacon, and the words "radio beacon." Example: "ONE EIGHT ZERO COURSE TO BOLL WEEVIL RADIO BEACON" or "THREE SIX ZERO BEARING FROM BOLL WEEVIL RADIO BEACON." b. Number clarification (2-4-18). If deemed necessary for clarity, and after stating numbers as specified, controllers may restate numbers using either group or single-digit form. C. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #3: ACTION: State the methods of non-radar separation. CONDITION: Without the use of notes. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the methods of non-radar separation. a. Separation (non-radar)(6-4-1). (1) Longitudinal (6-4-2). Longitudinal separation is based on the aircraft departing, arriving, holding, or changing altitudes at a fix or a specified time. (a) Lead aircraft at least 44 knots or more faster than the following aircraft -- 5 miles between DME aircraft or 3 minutes between other aircraft. (b) Lead aircraft 22 knots to 43 knots faster than the following aircraft -- 10 miles between DME aircraft or 5 minutes between other aircraft. (c) Lead aircraft same speed or up to 22 knots faster than the following aircraft –- 20 miles between DME aircraft or 10 minutes between other aircraft. (2) Vertical (6-6-1 and 4-5-1). (a) FL 290 and below -- 1,000 feet. (b) Above FL 290 -- 2,000 feet. (3) Lateral (6-5-1). Separate aircraft by one of the following methods: (a) Clear aircraft on different airways or routes whose widths or protected airspace do not overlap. (b) Clear aircraft below 18,000 to proceed to and report over or hold at different geographical locations determined visually or by reference to NAVAID’s. (c) Clear aircraft to hold over different fixes whose holding pattern airspace areas do not overlap each other or other airspace to be protected. (d) Clear departing aircraft to fly specified heading which diverge by at least 45 degrees. b. Non-radar separation must be established prior to transferring control by the radar controller. D. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #4. ACTION: State the primary difference between Primary Radar and Secondary Radar. CONDITION: From memory. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the difference between primary radar and secondary radar. a. Primary radar. (1) Basic principles. The basic principle is based on time required for transmitted electrical pulses moving at the speed of light to reach a target and return. The radar display uses a sweep signal on the radar scope that moves outward from the center at a scaled rate. The echo pulses are amplified and fed to the scope as a blip at the correct scale distance. Azimuth information is provided by rotating the antenna through 360 degrees. (2) Types and uses. (a) Air route surveillance radar (ARSR) is used by ARTCC for traffic control. Range is up to 200 NM. (b) Airport surveillance radar (ASR) is used by approach control and as search radar for ground controlled approach (GCA). Range is from 0 to 30-60 miles. (c) Precision approach radar (PAR) is used for GCA. Range is approximately 10 NM. (3) Limitations. (a) Transmitted pulses attenuate rapidly (inversely proportional to the square of the distance), limiting the range. (b) Ground clutter. Ground features also return echoes causing clutter on the scope. (c) Identification. Basic blips appear the same for all aircraft, making identification difficult. (d) Weather. Areas of precipitation will return echoes making it impossible to discern aircraft targets. b. Secondary radar. (1) Basic principle. Secondary radar transmits two closely spaced electronic pulses from a second antenna called an interrogator. A transponder device in the aircraft is set to respond to interrogation pulses with coded pulses of new energy. This increases the range of the equipment and provides for an easily identified target on the scope. Additionally, since only transponder replies are shown on the scope, ground and weather clutter would not appear. (2) Scope displays. (a) Raw display. This is the old type which shows a slash for each reply pulse of the code. This type is rapidly becoming obsolete. (b) Select display. This type display is still widely used and is designed to limit replies to a maximum of two slashes. This equipment provides the controller with a discrete readout by showing a double slash for aircraft replying on a selected code and a single slash for all other transponder equipped aircraft. NOTE: The newest equipment has a computer input and mode C altitude capability. Students will be briefed on this system on the Cairns ARAC field trip. c. Emergency procedures. (1) Emergency--squawk 7700 (5-2-7). (2) IFR two-way radio failure. Squawk 7600 (5-2-8). (3) Hijack--squawk 7500 (5-2-13). d. VFR code. 1200 is code for all aircraft operating VFR, regardless of altitude (5-2-9). e. Flight plan TD code. (1) Transponder, no mode C (/T). (2) Transponder and mode C (/U). (3) No transponder but has VOR/ADF (/X). NOTE: Refer to FLIP GP, Chapter 4, for complete TD code chart. E. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #5. ACTION: State the method of identifying aircraft using radar procedure. CONDITION: Without the use of notes. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the method of identifying aircraft using radar procedure. a. When identifying aircraft controllers are required to establish positive identification and be reasonably sure they can maintain radar identification of aircraft before providing radar service (5-1-1). b. Identification procedures. (1) Primary radar (5-3-2). Observing a departing aircraft target within 1 mile of the takeoff runway end at airports with an operating control tower, correlation of position with a fix, or identifying turn or turns of 30 degrees or more. (2) Secondary radar (5-3-3). Use of the "IDENT" feature, assignment of code change, or having aircraft squawk "standby." c. Position information (5-3-6). Inform an aircraft of its position whenever radar identification is established by means of identifying turns or by any of the beacon identification methods outlined in para 5-3-3, Beacon Identification Methods. Position information need not be given when identification is established by position correlation or when a departing aircraft is identified within 1 mile of the takeoff runway end. d. When required, inform an aircraft of its position with respect to a fix or airway (5-1-12a). Example: "FOUR MILES NORTH OF WIREGRASS." d. Identification status (5-3-7). (1) Inform an aircraft of radar contact when: (a) Initial radar identification n the ATC system is established. (b) Subsequent to loss of radar contact or terminating radar service, radar identification is reestablished. Example: "R12345 RADAR CONTACT 4 MILES NORTH OF MARIANA VOR." (2) Inform an aircraft when radar contact is lost. Example: "R12345 RADAR CONTACT LOST." (3) Radar service termination (5-1-13). (a) Inform aircraft when radar service is terminated. (b) Radar service is automatically terminated and the aircraft needs not be advised of termination when: 1. An aircraft cancels IFR flight plan, except within Class B airspace, Class C airspace, TRSA, or where basic radar service is provided. 2. An aircraft conducting an instrument, visual, or contact approach has landed or has been instructed to change to advisory frequency. 3. An aircraft completes a radar approach. F. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #6: ACTION: State the method of vectoring an aircraft. CONDITION: From memory. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the method of vectoring an aircraft. a. Application (5-6-1). (1) In controlled airspace for separation, safety, noise abatement, operational advantage, or when a pilot request. (2) In Class G airspace only upon pilot request and as an additional service. (3) At or above the MVA or the minimum IFR altitude except as authorized for approaches, special VFR, VFR operations, or by para 5-6-3, Vectors Below Minimum Altitude. ATC facilities prepare charts of their area to show MVAs by sector. Altitudes are based on standard obstacle clearance requirements of a minimum of 3 or 5 miles from obstructions. While being radar vectored, controllers will assign IFR altitudes at or above the MVA. b. Lateral separation (aircraft/5-5-4 and obstructions/5-5-9). (1) When less than 40 miles from the antenna -- 3 miles. (2) When 40 miles or more from the antenna -- 5 miles. (3) Between departing aircraft and arriving aircraft on final, minimum of 2 miles if normal radar separation will occur within 1 minute after takeoff (5-8-4). c. Methods (5-6-2). Generally the same for en route or terminal. (1) Vector aircraft by specifying: (a) Direction of turn, if appropriate, and magnetic heading to be flown, or (b) The number of degrees, in group form, to turn and the direction of turn, or (c) For NO-GYRO procedures, the type of vector, direction of turn, and when to stop the turn. (2) When initiating a vector, advise the pilot of the purpose. (3) Issue with the vector an altitude to maintain and all appropriate altitude restrictions when applicable. (4) If appropriate, advise the pilot what to expect when the vector is completed. (5) Provide radar navigational guidance until the aircraft is: (a) Established within the airspace to be protected for the nonradar route to be flown, or (b) On a heading that will, within a reasonable distance, intercept the nonradar route to be flown, and (c) Informed of its position unless the aircraft is RNAQV< FMS, or DME equipped. (6) Speed adjustments should be kept to a minimum as necessary and in 10-knot increments (5-7-1). (7) Radar Departure. Before departure, assign the initial heading to be flown if a departing aircraft is to be vectored immediately after takeoff. d. Radar Arrivals (5-9-1). NOTE: Refer to the definition of Approach Gate in Glossary. (1) Vector arriving aircraft to intercept the final approach course: (a) At least 2 miles outside of approach gate unless one of the following exists: 1. Reported ceiling is a least 500 feet above the MVA/MIA and visibility is at least 3 miles. 2. Requested by the pilot. (b) For precision approach, at an altitude not above the glidelope/glidepath or below the minimum glideslope intercept altitude. (c) For non-precision approach, at an altitude which will allow descent in accordance with the published procedure. (2) Final approach course interception (5-9-2). (a) Distance from interception point to approach gate is less than 2 miles maximum interception angle is 20 degrees. (b) Distance from interception point to approach gate is more than 2 miles maximum interception angle is 30 degrees (45 for helicopters). (c) If deviation from the final approach course are observed after initial course interception, give vector to intercept the final or another approach if outside approach gate, or inform the pilot of the aircraft’s position and ask intentions if inside approach gate. (3) Vectors across final approach course. Inform the aircraft whenever a vector will take it across the final approach course and state the reason for such action (5-9-3). (4) Arrival instructions (5-9-4). (a) Controller requirements. The following items should be issued prior to reaching the approach gate: 1. Position relative to a fix on the final approach course. 2. Vector to intercept the final approach course if required. 3. Approach clearance and altitude restrictions if necessary (altitude restrictions will be given prior to approach clearance). 4. Communication transfer as necessary. (b) Pilot responsibility. When on a radar vector, the pilot shall maintain last assigned altitude until established on a segment of a published route or segment of the approach procedure. After established, the published minimum altitudes apply. NOTE: Refer to paragraph 4-8-1 of FAAH 7110.65 to cover the phraseology used for different approach clearances and their meaning. G. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #7. ACTION: State the controller phraseology for radar approaches. CONDITION: Without the use of notes. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the controller phraseology for radar approaches. a. Radar approaches (ASR/PAR). (1) Vectors to final (5-10-1). Vector procedures prior to ASR or PAR final are identical (information given to pilot may be different). (a) Approach information (5-10-2). 1. Altimeter, ceiling, visibility, known changes, pertinent information, and lost communications (5-10-4). 2. Before starting final approach. a. Type of approach (if approach is a "no-gyro" inform the aircraft at this time). b. Specify the missed approach point for ASR. c. Inform an aircraft making an approach to an airport not served by a tower that no traffic or landing runway information is available for that airport. (b) No-Gyro approach (5-10-3). When an aircraft will make a no-gyro surveillance or a PAR approach, before issuing a vector, inform the aircraft of the type of approach. Instruct the aircraft when to start and stop turns. After turn to final prior to approach gate, instruct the aircraft to make half-standard rate turns. (c) Lost communications (5-10-4). Air traffic control facilities at U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force installations are not required to transmit lost communications instructions to military aircraft. (d) Landing check (5-10-6). (e) Position information at least once before starting final (5-10-7). (f) Final controller changeover (5-10-8). (2) Final Controller. (a) Communications check (5-10-9). (b) Transmission acknowledgment (5-10-10). (c) Wheels down check before starting final descent (2-1-24). (d) Missed approach instructions (5-10-11). Given before starting final descent if any portion of the final approach will be conducted in IFR conditions. (3) Give instructions for the aircraft whenever the completion of a safe approach is questionable because of safety limits exceeded, position in doubt, or radar contact lost (5-10-14). b. ASR final (5-11-1 thru 5-11-6). (1) Provide recommended altitudes on final only if the pilot requests. (2) Issue advance notice of where descent will begin and issue the straight-in MDA prior to issuing final descent instructions. NOTE: For circling approaches, obtain aircraft category from the pilot before issuing circling MDA. (3) Issue descent instructions when the aircraft reaches the descent point. (4) Issue course guidance and inform the pilot of his distance from runway, airport, or MAP at least once each mile on final. (5) Discontinue approach guidance when requested by the pilot, continuation of a safe approach to the MAP is questionable, or the aircraft is over the missed approach point (MAP). (5) When approach guidance is discontinued give the aircraft its position and to proceed visually or to execute missed approach as appropriate. (6) Transfer of communications instructions as necessary. c. PAR final (5-12-1 thru 5-12-8). (1) Inform the aircraft when it is approaching glidepath (10 to 30 seconds). (2) Give the decision height (DH) to any pilot who requests it. (3) When the aircraft reaches descent point, instruct the pilot to begin descent. (4) Issue course and glidepath guidance. (5) Inform the aircraft of its distance from touchdown at least once each mile on final approach. (6) Inform the aircraft when it reaches published DH. (7) Continue to provide course and glidepath information until the aircraft passes over the threshold. (a) Inform the aircraft when it is passing over the approach lights. (b) Inform the aircraft when it is passing over the landing threshold and position with respect to the final approach course. (8) Transfer of communications as necessary. d. Approach monitoring (5-13-1 thru 5-13-3). Controllers are required to monitor non-radar approaches when the NAVAID final approach course is aligned with the PAR final approach course from the FAF to the runway and the following conditions exist: (1) Weather is below basic VFR minima. (2) At night (does not apply to US Army facilities). (3) On request of pilot. e. Speed adjustments. Controllers may request aircraft to adjust IAS in units of 10 knots for more effective traffic control (5-7-1e). H. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #8: ACTION: Select from a list the correct instrument flight rule (IFR) initial clearance. CONDITION: From memory. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the correct sequence of an IFR initial clearance. a. Initial clearance. An authorization by ATC to proceed within controlled airspace under specific conditions. (1) Methods of delivery. (a) Clearance delivery. (b) Ground control. (c) Tower. (d) FSS. (e) Approach. (f) Center. (2) Clearance prefix (4-2-2) and void time (4-3-4). (a) When issuing a clearance direct from ATC, use phrase "identification cleared." (b) When clearance is relayed through a non-ATC facility, use phrase "ATC clears." (c) When relaying ATC clearance from non-ATC facilities; issue clearance void time, alternate instructions requiring the pilot to advise ATC of their intentions no later than 30 minutes after the clearance void time if not airborne, and a time check. Example: "CLEARANCE VOID IF NOT OFF BY 1445, IF NOT OFF BY 1445, ADVISE GAINESVILLE RADIO NOT LATER THAN 1515 OF INTENTIONS, TIME 1430 AND ONE QUARTER." (3) Clearance items (4-2-1) and departure clearance (4-3-2). (a) Clearance items. 1. Aircraft identification. 2. Clearance limit. 3. Instrument departure procedure (DP). 4. Route of flight. 5. Altitude, in order flown. 6. Holding instructions. 7. Any special information. 8. Frequency and beacon code information. (b) Clearance limit. Specify the destination airport when practicable, even if outside controlled airspace. Short-range clearances will be issued in any procedure established for their use. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO MONTGOMERY AIRPORT (or MONTGOMERY REGIONAL AIRPORT)" or "R12345, CLEARED TO BANBI." (c) Departure procedure. Specify direction of takeoff/turn or initial heading/azimuth to be flown after takeoff as follows: 1. Locations with airport traffic control. Specify these items as necessary. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO DOTHAN AIRPORT, DEPART RUNWAY ONE EIGHT, FLY RUNWAY HEADING UNTIL REACHING ONE THOUSAND, DIRECT WIREGRASS VOR." 2. Locations without airport traffic control service but within Class E surface area. Specify these items, if necessary, but obtain/solicit pilot's concurrence. 3. Uncontrolled airports. At uncontrolled airports, do not specify direction of takeoff/turn. If necessary, issue the initial heading/azimuth so as to apply only within controlled airspace. 4. Textually described instrument departure procedures. Example: "DEPART VIA THE TROY MUNI RUNWAY 7 DEPARTURE PROCEDURE." (d) Instrument departure procedures (DP’s). 1. Assign a DP including a transition if necessary. Example: "FADET-TWO DEPARTURE, MARIANNA TRANSITION." 2. If necessary to assign a crossing altitude which differs from the DP altitude, repeat the changed altitude for emphasis. EXAMPLE: "DASHER THREE DEPARTURE, PECAN TRANSITION, EXCEPT CROSS DASHER AT OR ABOVE 4,000, I SAY AGAIN CROSS DASHER AT OR ABOVE 4,000." 3. Specify altitudes when they are not included in the DP. Example: "SKIFF FOUR DEPARTURE, SQUID TRANSITION, CROSS SKIFF AT 2,000." (e) Route of flight. Specify one or more of the following: 1. Airway, route, radial, course, azimuth, heading, arc, or vector. a. Use the word "VIA" with airways, established routes, radials, courses, azimuths, headings, arcs, and vectors. Example: "VIA VICTOR 241 OR VIA THE WIREGRASS 180 RADIAL." b. For direct flight, use the word "direct." Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO THE CAIRNS VOR DIRECT." 2. The routing a pilot can expect if any part of the route beyond a short-range clearance limit differs from that filed. Example: "EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE VIA (airway, route, or fix)." (f) Altitude. Clear the pilot to maintain an altitude using one of the following in the order of preference listed: 1. The altitude requested by the pilot. 2. An altitude as near as possible to the pilot's requested altitude. 3. An interim altitude. Inform the pilot what altitude can be expected and when/where to expect the altitude. Example: "MAINTAIN 2,000, EXPECT 8,000 AT MARIANNA (or at a time)". (g) Holding (4-6-1). 1. Use this portion, if necessary, to issue holding instructions in the initial clearance. 2. Holding instructions may be omitted when the pilot is informed that no delay is expected. Example: "NO DELAY EXPECTED". NOTE: Give examples and this section covered in detail later. (h) Special instructions. Use this portion to include any necessary information that is not included elsewhere. (i) Frequency and beacon code information (3-9-3). 1. Given on clearance delivery or ground control frequency. Example: "DEPARTURE FREQUENCY (frequency), SQUAWK (code)." 2. Departure frequency may be omitted if previously given or published on the assigned DP (2-1-17). (j) Cruise clearance (Glossary and 4-5-7). 1. Authorization to conduct flight at any altitude from minimum IFR up to and including the altitude specified in the clearance. 2. Level off, climb, or descent is at the discretion of the pilot. Once a pilot starts a descent and reports leaving an altitude in that block, he may not return to that altitude without ATC clearance. 3. It is an approval for the pilot to make an approach at destination airport. (k) VFR on Top (Glossary and 7-3-1). 1. Assigned only upon pilot's request. 2. Pilot has responsibility to remain in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), use VFR semicircular rule, and make all necessary reports. NOTE: If remaining VMC becomes impossible, pilot should notify controller who will then assign an altitude to maintain. b. Abbreviated departure clearance (4-3-3). (1) Issue if its use reduces verbiage. (2) Route or destination of flight has not been changed. (3) In a radar environment when no changes are required in the filed route, state: (a) Cleared to (destination airport filed in the flight plan). (b) DP’s and DP’s transition as appropriate then as filed. (c) Assigned altitude. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO VALDOSTA AIRPORT FADET TWO DEPARTURE, MARIANNA TRANSITION, THEN AS FILED, MAINTAIN FIVE THOUSAND." (d) If a DP is not assigned, follow with "AS FILED." (4) In a non-radar environment when no changes are required in the filed route: (a) Specify one or more fixes, as necessary, to identify the initial route of flight. (b) Assigned altitude. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO VALDOSTA AIRPORT AS FILED VIA WIREGRASS AND MARIANNA, MAINTAIN THREE THOUSAND." I. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #9: ACTION: State the controller phraseology to transfer control of aircraft. CONDITION: From memory. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on controller phraseology to transfer control of aircraft. a. Transfer of control (initial contact 2-1-15 thru 2-1-17). (1) Transfer radio communications before an aircraft enters the receiving controller’s area of jurisdiction unless otherwise coordinated or specified by a letter of agreement or a facility directive. (2) Controller phraseology. The controller will state: (a) Facility or location name. NOTE: In the terminal area, omit the location name when transferring to another controller within the same facility. (b) Frequency. Controllers may omit the following: 1. FSS frequency. 2. Departure frequency, if previously given or published on an issued DP. 3. Ground or local control frequency, if in your opinion, the pilot knows the frequency in use. (c) Time, fix, altitude, or specifically when to contact the new facility. (May be omitted when compliance upon receipt.) b. Avoid issuing a frequency change to helicopters known to be single-piloted during air-taxiing, hovering, or low-level flight. J. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #10: ACTION: State the proper IFR report. CONDITION: Using the appropriate DOD FLIP Publication. STANDARD: IAW Flight Information Handbook. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on IFR reports. a. Pilot phraseology on initial contact. (1) When informed by ATC that their aircraft are in "RADAR CONTACT," pilots should discontinue position reports over designated reporting points. (2) When operating in a radar environment: On initial contact, the pilot should inform the controller of the aircraft’s assigned altitude preceded by the words "level", or "climbing to", or "descending to", as appropriate; and the aircraft’s present vacating altitude, if applicable. EXAMPLE: "(Name) CENTER, (aircraft identification), AT (altitude or flight level), or if appropriate, LEAVING (exact altitude or flight level) (CLIMBING or DESCENDING) TO MAINTAIN (altitude or flight level)." (3) When operating in a non-radar environment: On initial contact, the pilot should inform the controller of the aircraft’s present position, altitude, and time estimate for the next reporting point. EXAMPLE: (Name) CENTER (aircraft identification), (position), (altitude), ESTIMATING (reporting point) AT (time). EXAMPLE: "JACKSONVILLE CENTER, R12345 WIREGRASS VOR, level 5000, estimating ABIDE at 1445." b. Pilot phraseology after initial contact. (1) IFR position reports. (a) Position reports are not required when in radar contact. Position reports will be made in non-radar environment when passing a compulsory reporting point, on request of ATC, and over each reporting point used in the flight plan to define a direct route of flight. (b) Format: Aircraft identification, position, time, altitude, ETA and name of next reporting point, name of the next succeeding reporting point, and any remarks. (c) While in radar contact and told to report, report only ID and position. (FAR 91.183) (2) Additional reports. (a) At all times. 1. Vacating assigned altitude for newly assigned altitude. 2. Altitude changes when "VFR on Top." 3. Unable to climb/descend at 500 foot per minute. 4. When approach has been missed. State request. 5. Change in true airspeed (at cruising altitude) by 5 percent or 10 knots (whichever is greater). 6. Time and altitude reaching a holding fix. 7. When leaving a holding fix. NOTE: Reports entering and leaving holding may be omitted when conducting instrument training at a military terminal area facility and radar service is provided.
which it arrives over the holding fix making entry simple. (4) Holding instructions (4-6-1 and 4-6-4). (a) General holding. 1. Clearance limit. Only required if the latest clearance limit is different than the holding fix. 2. Direction of holding from the fix/waypoint. 3. Holding fix or waypoint. NOTE: The holding fix may be omitted if included at the beginning of the transmission as the clearance limit. 4. Radial, course, bearing, track, azimuth, airway, or route on which to hold. 5. Direction of turns only if left turns are to be made. 6. Expect further clearance (EFC). Example: "CLEARED TO BANBI, HOLD SOUTHEAST ON VICTOR SEVEN, EFC 1445." or "HOLD SOUTHEAST OF BANBI ON VICTOR SEVEN, EFC 1445." or "HOLD NORTH OF ABIDE ON VICTOR TWO FORTY ONE, LEFT TURNS, EFC 1445." (b) Published pattern. Issue the published holding direction, the statement, "as published," and EFC. Example: "HOLD NORTH OF ABIDE, AS PUBLISHED, EFC 1445" or "CLEARED TO ABIDE, HOLD NORTH, AS PUBLISHED, EFC 1445." L. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #12. ACTION: State the phraseology of the terminal controller. CONDITION: Without the use of notes. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the phraseology of the terminal controller. a. Approach information (4-7-10). Issued by en route and terminal approach control. The following items shall be issued on initial contact or as soon as possible thereafter. Approach information contained in the ATIS broadcast may be omitted if the pilot states the appropriate ATIS code or items 3-5 below may be omitted for pilots destined to uncontrolled airports when they advise receipt of the automated weather. (1) Approach clearance or type approach to expected if two or more approaches are published and the clearance limit does not indicate which will be used. (2) Runway if different from that to which the instrument approach is made. (3) Surface wind. (4) Ceiling and visibility if below 1,000 feet or highest circling minimum, whichever is greater, or the visibility is less than 3 miles. (5) Altimeter setting for the airport of intended landing. NOTE: Pilots shall read back altimeter settings received from approach control agencies when inbound during penetrations, letdowns, entering and departing holding patterns and during all approaches to a landing. b. Upon pilot request, controllers shall inform pilots of the frequency where automated weather data may be obtained and, if appropriate, the airport weather is not available. c. Clearance beyond a fix (4-6-2). If no delay is expected, issue a clearance beyond the clearance limit as soon as possible and, whenever possible, at least 5 minutes before the aircraft reaches the fix. Include the following items when issuing clearance beyond a clearance limit: (1) Clearance limit or approach clearance. (2) Route of flight. Specify one of the following: (a) Complete details of the route. (b) The phrase "via last routing cleared." (3) Assign an altitude if different from the present altitude. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO CAIRNS VOR VIA V-7 WIREGRASS DIRECT CAIRNS." or "R12345, CLEARED TO CAIRNS VOR VIA LAST ROUTING CLEARED, MAINTAIN 4,000." d. Approach clearance (4-8-1). (1) Clear aircraft for standard or special instrument approach procedures only. (2) To require an aircraft to execute a particular instrument approach, specify the name of the approach as shown on the approach chart. (3) Where more than one procedure is published on a single chart and a specific procedure is to be flown, amend the approach clearance to specify execution of the specific approach to be flown. (4) If only one approach of a particular type is published, the approach needs not be identified by runway reference. (5) An aircraft conducting an ILS/MLS approach when the glideslope/glidepath is reported out of service shall be advised at the time the approach clearance is issued. Example: "CLEARED ILS RWY 5 APPROACH, GLIDESLOPE UNUSABLE." (6) For aircraft operating on unpublished routes issue the approach clearance only after the aircraft is: (a) Established on a segment of a published route or instrument approach procedure (b) Assign an altitude to maintain until the aircraft is established on a segment of a published route or instrument approach procedure. e. Clearance limit. Issue approach or other clearances, as required, specifying the destination airport as the clearance limit if airport traffic control service is not provided even though this is a repetition of the initial clearance. f. Circling Approach. Circling approach instructions may only be given for aircraft landing at airports with operational control towers. Include in the approach clearance instructions to circle to the runway in use if landing will be made on a runway other than that aligned with the direction of instrument approach. Example: "CIRCLE TO RUNWAY 36." g. Communications release. If an IFR aircraft intends to land at an airport not served by a tower or FSS, approve a change to advisory service frequency when you no longer require communications. M. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE ELO #13: ACTION: State the altitude restriction/requirement for assignment of altitude. CONDITION: From memory. STANDARD: IAW FAAH 7110.65. Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the altitude restriction/requirement for assignment of altitude. a. Altitude requirements (FAR 91.177 and 4-5-1 thru 4-5-9). (1) Minimum en route altitude (MEA). Provides both obstruction clearance and radio reception for the route segment to which it applies. (2) Minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA). (a) Provides at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance. In addition, it provides at least 2,000 feet of terrain clearance in the western mountains and at least 1,500 feet in the eastern mountains. (b) May be used as the minimum en route IFR altitude within 22 nautical miles (NM) of the VOR, VORTAC, or TACAN. (3) Minimum reception altitude (MRA). The lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined. b. Altitude changes. (1) Normal. Climb (or descent) to new altitude after passing fix where new MEA is established. (2) With MCA. Where MCA flag is shown, begin climb so as to be at or above the MCA when crossing fix beyond which new MEA applies. (3) Rate of altitude change. At an optimum rate to 1,000 feet above of below assigned altitude and then at a rate of between 500 and 1,500 feet per minute (fpm) for the last 1,000 feet. APPENDIX E AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL REFERENCES FOR FAAH 7110.65 APPENDIX E AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL REFERENCES FAA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HANDBOOK 7110.65. NOTE: REFERENCES ARE TO PARAGRAPHS. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1-1 PURPOSE 1-1-7 PUBLICATION AND DELIVERY DATES 1-2-1 WORD MEANINGS 1-2-5 ANNOTATIONS CHAPTER 2. GENERAL CONTROL 2-1-1 ATC SERVICE 2-1-2 DUTY PRIORITY 2-1-4 OPERATIONAL PRIORITY 2-1-5 EXPEDITIOUS COMPLIANCE 2-1-8 MINIMUM FUEL 2-1-14 COORDINATE USE OF AIRSPACE 2-1-17 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER 2-1-21 TRAFFIC ADVISORIES 2-2-12 AIRBORNE MILITARY FLIGHTS 2-4-8 RADIO MESSAGE FORMAT 2-4-9 ABBREVIATED TRANSMISSIONS 2-4-17 NUMBER USAGE 2-4-18 NUMBER CLARIFICATION 2-4-19 FACILITY IDENTIFICATION 2-4-20 AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION 2-5-1 AIRWAYS AND ROUTES 2-6-5 CALM WIND CONDITIONS 2-7-1 ALTIMETER - CURRENT SETTINGS 2-7-2 ALTIMETER SETTINGS ISSUANCE BELOW LOWEST USABLE FL 2-9-3 ATIS CONTENT (USE EXAMPLE) CHAPTER 3. AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL TERMINAL 3-1-3 USE OF ACTIVE RUNWAYS 3-1-7 POSITION DETERMINATION (TAXI) 3-1-13 ESTABLISHING TWO-WAY COMMUNICATIONS 3-9-1 DEPARTURE INFORMATION 3-9-9 TAKEOFF CLEARANCE 3-10-5 LANDING CLEARANCE CHAPTER 4. IFR 4-1-1 ALTITUDE AND DISTANCE LIMITATIONS 4-1-2 EXCEPTIONS 4-2-1 CLEARANCE ITEMS 4-2-2 CLEARANCE PREFIX 4-2-9 CLEARANCE ITEMS (AIRBORNE AIRCRAFT) 4-3-1 DEPARTURE TERMINOLOGY 4-3-2 DEPARTURE CLEARANCES 4-3-3 ABBREVIATED DEPARTURE CLEARANCE 4-3-4 DEPARTURE RESTRICTIONS (VOID TIME PROCEDURES) 4-4-1 ROUTE USE REFERENCE 7110.65 (CONT) 4-5-1 VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA 4-5-2 FLIGHT DIRECTION (ALTITUDE ASSIGNMENT) 4-5-6 MINIMUM EN ROUTE ALTITUDES 4-6-1 CLEARANCE TO HOLDING FIX 4-6-2 CLEARANCE BEYOND FIX 4-6-4 HOLDING INSTRUCTIONS 4-7-6 ARRIVAL INFORMATION 4-7-10 APPROACH INFORMATION 4-8-1 APPROACH CLEARANCE 4-8-6 CIRCLING APPROACH 4-8-9 MISSED APPROACH
5-1-10 DEVIATION ADVISORIES 5-1-13 RADAR SERVICE TERMINATION 5-3-1 APPLICATION 5-3-2 PRIMARY RADAR IDENTIFICATION METHODS 5-3-3 BEACON IDENTIFICATION METHODS 5-3-6 POSITION INFORMATION 5-5-4 MINIMA 5-5-9 SEPERATION FROM OBSTRUCTIONS 5-6-1 VECTORING APPLICATION 5-6-2 METHODS
5-9-2 FINAL APPROACH COURSE INTERCEPTION 5-9-3 VECTORS ACROSS FINAL APPROACH COURSE 5-9-4 ARRIVAL INSTRUCTIONS RADAR APPROACHES 5-10-1 APPLICATION 5-10-2 APPROACH INFORMATION 5-10-3 NO-GYRO APPROACH 5-10-4 LOST COMMUNICATIONS 5-10-6 LANDING CHECK 5-10-7 POSITION INFORMATION 5-10-8 FINAL CONTROLLER CHANGEOVER 5-10-9 COMMUNICATION CHECK (FINAL CONTROLLER) 5-10-10 TRANSMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT 5-10-11 MISSED APPROACH 5-10-13 TOWER CLEARANCE 5-10-14 FINAL APPROACH ABNORMALITIES ASR 5-11-1 ALTITUDE INFORMATION 5-11-2 VISUAL REFERENCE REPORT 5-11-3 DESCENT NOTIFICATION 5-11-4 DESCENT INSTRUCTIONS 5-11-5 FINAL APPROACH GUIDANCE 5-11-6 APPROACH GUIDANCE TERMINATION REFERENCE 7110.65 (CONT) PAR 5-12-1 GLIDEPATH NOTIFICATION 5-12-2 DECISION HEIGHT (DH) NOTIFICATION 5-12-3 DESCENT INSTRUCTIONS 5-12-4 GLIDEPATH AND COURSE INFORMATION 5-12-5 DISTANCE FROM TOUCHDOWN 5-12-6 DECISION HEIGHT 5-12-7 POSITION ADVISORIES 5-12-8 APPROACH GUIDANCE TERMINATION 5-12-9 COMMUNICATION TRANSFER
5-13-3 MONITOR INFORMATION CHAPTER 6. NONRADAR 6-4-1 LONGITUDINAL 6-5-1 LATERAL 6-6-1 VERTICAL
7-5-1 SPECIAL VFR 7-6-1 BASIC RADAR SERVICE 7-7-1 TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA 7-8-1 CLASS "C" SERVICE 7-9-1 CLASS "B" SERVICE CHAPTER 10. EMERGENCIES 10-3-1 OVERDUE AIRCRAFT 10-4-1 TRAFFIC RESTRICTIONS 10-4-2 LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS 10-4-3 TRAFFIC RESUMPTION 10-4-4 COMMUNICATION FAILURE
****************************************************************************** ATISREF: 7110.65 (2-9-3) 1. Airport/facility name and phonetic letter code. 2. Time of weather sequence 3. Wind, Visibility, Ceiling, Temperature, Dew point, Altimeter 4. Instrument approach in use--runway if different 5. Departure runway if different than approach runway 6. NOTAMS/PIREPS 7. Braking action 8. Optional information 9. Low level wind shear 10. Hold short read back instructions 11. ATIS code for initial contact
Aircraft calls requesting (did not request to hover) DEPARTURE INFORMATION NUMBERS 1. Runway in use 1. Runway in use 2. Surface wind 2. Surface wind 3. Altimeter 3. Altimeter 4. Time (when requested) 5. Ceiling and visibility 6. Hover-taxi instructions ****************************************************************************** Aircraft calls request for hover ------------- WITHOUT NUMBERS OR CURRENT ATIS WITH NUMBERS OR CURRENT ATIS (AIRPORT VFR) 1. Runway in use 1. Hover-taxi to 2. Surface wind 2. Contact tower 3. Altimeter setting 4. Time (when requested) (AIRPORT IFR) 5. Ceiling and visibility 6. Hover-taxi to 1. Ceiling & visibility 7. Contact tower (Omit with current ATIS) 2. Hover-taxi to ________ 3. Contact tower
****************************************************************************** CLEARANCE BEYOND A FIX REF: 7110.65 (4-6-2) 1. Aircraft ID 2. Clearance limit or approach clearance 3. Route (or "VIA LAST ROUTING CLEARED") 4. Altitude (if changed) R , CLEARED TO (CL) , VIA (ROUTE) , MAINTAIN (ALT) . APPROACH CONTROL REF: 7110.65 (4-7-10, 4-8-1, 4-8-5, 5-9-1, 5-9-2, 5-9-3, 5-9-4) NOTE: Refer to 4-7-10 1. Type of approach to expect/approach clearance 2. Runway in use (if different from that to which the IAP is made) 3. Wind 4. Ceiling and visibility 5. Altimeter R , EXPECT THE (TYPE) APPROACH, RUNWAY IN USE, WIND , CEILING , VISIBILITY , ALTIMETER . ****************************************************************************** Prior to aircraft reaching approach fix----------------- CLEARED APPROACH CLEARED (TYPE) APPROACH CLEARED STRAIGHT-IN (TYPE) APPROACH CLEARED (TYPE) APPROACH RUNWAY (NUMBER) , GLIDE SLOPE UNUSABLE CLEARED (TYPE) APPROACH, CIRCLE TO RUNWAY (NUMBER) . ****************************************************************************** Radar vectored aircraft---------------------- NOTE: Refer to 5-9-4 1. Position (RELATION TO FAF) 2. Heading to intercept 3. Altitude to maintain 4. Approach clearance R , 4 MILES FROM RUCKER RB, TURN LEFT HEADING 100, MAINTAIN 2000 UNTIL ESTABLISHED ON THE LOCALIZER, CLEARED FOR ILS RW 6 APPROACH. 
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