Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

The presence of a 'multixenobiotic resistance' [MXR] mechanism in gills of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea was investigated. Western blot analyses of membrane vesicles from gills, applying antibodies to vertebrate P170 multidrug resistance (MDR) protein, revealed a 135 kDa immunoreactive protein. Verapamil caused a reduction of 3H-vincristine (3H-VCR) binding onto vesicles from clam. Exposure of clams to 3H-VCR in the presence of verapamil or staurosporine (STP) enhanced the accumulation of 3H-VCR over control values. Furthermore, clams were exposed instead to VCR, to a model carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), to determine the verapamil- and STP-dependent increase of single-strand breaks (SSBs) in DNA from gills of this organism. Verapamil caused no or little increase of SSBs induced by exposure to 0.01 or 0.10 microM AAF, respectively, as measured by the alkaline elution technique. In contrast, in the presence of STP a highly significant and dose-dependent enhancement of AAF-mediated SSBs was measured already at exposure to 0.01 μM AAF. These data indicate (i) that the clam C. fluminea is provided with a P-glycoprotein-like element of the MDR-mechanism, (ii) that this system can be poisoned by chemosensitizers such as verapamil and STP, (iii) the role of protein kinase C in the regulation of MXR function and (iv) the importance of the MXR modulators for the assessment of ecotoxicological effects of pollutants.

Waller, W. T., M. F. Acevedo, H. J. Allen and F. U. Schwalm. 1996. The use of remotely sensed bioelectric action potentials to evaluate episodic toxicity events and ambient toxicity. Texas Water Resources Institute, Texas A& M University (College Station, Texas), Report TR-172.

The exposure of an organism to a toxicant is defined by the magnitude, duration, and frequency with which the organism(s) interact with the toxicant(s). Predicting the exposure of organisms to toxicants during episodic events such as those resulting from storm water runoff is very difficult. The research reported here describes a non-invasive, or minimally invasive, system that measures in real-time or near real-time, clam gape. Clams have been shown to change gape in the presence of toxicants i.e., they "clam up." The organism used in the development of this system was the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). A marine bivalve (Brachidontes recurva) was used when the monitoring system was deployed in a marine environment. The major components of the system include industrial proximity sensors, single board computer, amplifier, wireless transceiver, and in remote applications solar generated electrical power. Clam gape and physical/chemical data are transmitted in real-time, or near real-time, to a central laboratory. In addition, when a toxic event is detected the system is designed to initiate water samplers while notifying the central location that an event has occurred. Water samples collected during an event can be verified for toxicity, and the chemicals causing toxicity identified using toxicity identification techniques. We are continuing to perform experiments to identify those changes in clam gape that can be used as triggers to distinguish toxic events from non-toxic events. If these experiments are successful the deployment of remote biosensors as part of watershed management schemes should help identify toxicants causing problems and lead to management strategies to minimize their impact.

Waller, W. T., H. J. Allen, F. U. Schwalm, M. F. Acevedo, L. P. Ammann, K. L. Dickson, J. H. Kennedy and E. L. Morgan. 1995. Laboratory and field evaluation of a biological monitoring system using Corbicula fluminea and Mulinia lateralis. Second World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 5-9 November.

Ward, J. L. and J. R. Hodgson. 1997. The presence of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp., from Lake Superior. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12(1):167-171.

The occurrence of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp. is reported in Lake Superior. Although Corbicula sp. has been recorded earlier from the Great Lakes, this is the first report of the clam from Lake Superior. Individuals were distributed in the thermal effluent at the Upper Peninsula Power Company, with the greatest density at 22^oC. Density averaged 96/m². Shell length ranged from 3 mm to 24 mm with 85% of clams being < 1 year old.

Warren, M. L., Jr., R. A. Cicerello, K. E. Camburn and G. J. Fallo. 1984. The longitudinal distribution of the freshwater mussels (Unionidae) of Kinniconick Creek, northeastern Kentucky. American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):47 53.

Kinniconick Creek, a sixth order high quality stream in northeastern Kentucky, yielded 19 native and one introduced species of freshwater bivalves during a recent survey. Longitudinal distribution analysis indicated general agreement with patterns observed for fish and other invertebrates with an increase in the average number of species from 0.5 in the headwaters to 17 in the middle reaches; however, an abrupt decrease to 2.5 was noted at the lowermost stations. Species commonly encountered in descending order of frequency were: Lampsilis radiata luteola, Ptychobranchus fasciolaris, Fusconaia flava, Corbicula fluminea, Elliptio dilata, Epioblasma triquetra, and Lampsilis ventricosa. Species judged as rare or of limited distribution were Elliptio crassidens crassidens, Anodonta grandis grandis, Lampsilis fasciola, Leptodea fragilis, Quadrula pustulosa pustulosa, and Simpsonaias ambigua. Calculation of faunal resemblance indices for Kinniconick Creek and seven other similar sized Ohio River valley streams indicated the strongest resemblance with direct middle and upper Ohio River tributaries was weakest resemblance to a Cumberland River tributary of the lower Ohio valley. The diverse pelecypod fauna of Kinniconick Creek is regarded as exemplary of undisturbed small to medium sized watersheds in the middle Ohio River; however, the integrity of the fauna is threatened by potential extraction of oil shale deposits from the watershed.

Warren, P. S. 1931. Invertebrate paleontology of southern plains of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 15(10):1238 1291.

The faunas of the Cretaceous formations exposed in the plaines of southern Alberta, Canada, are discussed. Faunas older than the Milk River sandstone are not discussed. Local occurrences of fossils have made detailed paleontologic correlations in Alberta extremely difficult. The marine, freshwater, and brackish water faunas are fairly constant and show little variation throughout Montana time, although some forms may be ascribed to definite horizons. This is particularly true of the Pakowski and Bearpaw shales, which are also definite lithologic units. Corbicula occidentalis is among the most common brackish water species of the Foremost beds and is typical of the Foxhill sandstone.

Wattebled, G. 1886. Descriptions de mollusques inedits de l'Annam, recolte du Capitaine Dorr aux environs Hue. Journal de Conchyliologie 34:54 71.

Way, C. M., D. J. Hornbach, T. Deneka and R. A. Whitehead. 1989. A description of the ultrastructure of the gills of freshwater bivalves, including a new structure, the frontal cirrus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(2):357-362.

The archetypical gill structure of lamellibranch bivalves has been the focus of research concerning the feeding mechanisms of these clams. In corbiculacean bivalves, the gill shows considerable interspecific variability in the integrity of the ciliary tracts. A novel ciliary structure, the frontal cirrus that varies in organization, distribution, and abundance in the three species studied, has been found. In Musculium transversum the cirri are found only on the outermost margins of the inner demibranch and are composed of a tight bundle of cilia originating on the posterior side of the gill filament. The cirri in Corbicula fluminea appear as either a tight bundle or a loose aggregate of cilia, originating on the posterior side of the gill filament between the frontal cilia and the laterofrontal cirri; the frontal cirri cover the entire demibranch except in the area near the food groove. The frontal cirri in Polymesoda caroliniana are similar in structure and distribution to those found in C. fluminea. The frontal cirri are hypothesized to play an important role in the feeding physiology of these bivalves.

Way, C. M., D. J. Hornbach, C. A. Miller-Way, B. S. Payne and A. C. Miller. 1990. Dynamics of filter feeding in Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68(1):115-120.

Filtration rates of Corbicula fluminea were measured using 2 μm microspheres from three riverine habitats which differed in ambient suspended particle concentration; rates were measured at particle concentrations spanning the range for the three habitats. Filtration rates were significantly different across the three habitats, and were inversely correlated with the mean ambient suspended particle concentrations: 66.4 mL/h for 11 mg/L, 100.2 mL/h for 7 mg/L, and 144.9 mL/h for 4 mg/L for the Tombigbee, Ouachita and Tangipahoa rivers, respectively. However, the weight of particles filtered by clams from the three rivers was not significantly different. These results indicate that C. fluminea can make physiological adjustments to its filtration rate to achieve some "optimal" rate of particle removal. Within each habitat, particle concentration had a significant effect on filtration rates. The plasticity in the filter-feeding response and the capacity for alternative feeding modes contribute to the success of C. fluminea as an invasive species.

Weaver, C. E. 1912. Washington Geological Survey, Bulletin 15:33

Weaver, C. E. 1942. Paleontology of the marine Tertiary formations of Oregon and Washington. University of Washington Publications in Geology 5:1-278.

Weaver, C. E. and Coats, . 1936. The Nautilus 50:23-24.

Weaver, C. E. and K. V. W. Palmer. 1922. Fauna from the Eocene of Washington. Publications in Geology of the University of Washington 1(2):

Corbicula cowlitziensis sp. nov. is described from the Eocene of Washington.

Webb, D. E. 1998. A comparison of trace element concentrations in the freshwater bivalves Corbicula fluminea (Cobiculidae) and Quadrula apiculata (Unionidae) from the Concho River by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption. Master of Science Thesis, Angelo State University. viii + 49 pp.

Weed, W. H. 1893. The Laramie and the overlying Livingston formation in Montana. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 105:11 42.

Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Livingston Formation, Montana.

Weilbaker, C., C. D. Baker, B. J. Forsyth, C. M. Cristensen and R. W. Taylor. 1984. The freshwater naiads, Bivalvia: Unionidae, of the Blue River, a southern Indiana tributary of the Ohio River. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 94:687 691.

Welch, K. J. and J. E. Joy. 1984. Growth rates of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), in the Kanawha River, West Virginia. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 3(3):139 142.

The study was designed to assess growth rates of Corbicula fluminea under summer and winter conditions. A total of 80 small C. fluminea individuals were segregated into three shell length classes based on initial shell length. Thirty clams were assigned to Class I (< 10 mm); 25 to Class II (10 to 11.9 mm); and 25 to Class III (12 to 14 mm), and placed in separate cages in the Kanawha River at Marmet, West Virginia, for a 12 week period (16 July through 7 October 1983) when mean water temperature was 26.6^oC. "Warm Water" growth rates (length/weight) were: Class I, 0.95 mm/week and 0.27 gm/week; Class II, 0.86 mm/week and 0.29 gm/week; Class III, 0.80 mm/week and 0.30 gm/week. An additional 78 clams were assigned to the same shell length classes and maintained in the Kanawha River for a 12 week period (11 October 1983 through 3 January 1984) when mean water temperature was 10.3^oC. Thirty three clams were assigned to Class I; 30 to Class II; and 15 to Class III. "Cold Water" growth rates were: Class I, 0.09 mm/week and 0.009 gm/week; Class II, 0.08 mm/week and 0.013 gm/week. Class III clams were destroyed by a predator. Summer growth rates were approximately 10.7 times higher than winter growth rates based on length and 22 32 times higher based on weight. In addition, smaller clams had higher growth rates than larger clams.

Weller, S. 1907. A report on the Cretaceous paleontology of New Jersey. New Jersey Geological Survey, Paleontology Series, Vol. 4.

Corbicula annosa (Conrad, 1868) is reported from estuarine beds of the Cretaceous Raritan Clay, Sayreville and Woodbridge, New Jersey. Corbicula? emacerata Whitfield, 1885, is discussed from estuarine beds of the Cretaceous Raritan Clay at Woodbridge, New Jersey.

Wells, F. C. and C. R. Demas. 1979. Benthic invertebrates of the lower Mississippi River. Water Resources Bulletin 15(6):1565-1577.

In 1976-77, benthic invertebrates were sampled at four sites in a 410 kilometer reach of the lower Mississippi River to define the communities in the river and to determine differences between communities upstream and downstream from the industrial and municipal complexes of Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana. The most common and most numerous organisms collected were Corbicula and tubificid worms. The benthic community structure of the lower Mississippi River is influenced by substrate type and stability, channel geometry, river velocity, vegetation and organic detritus, and salinity. Sampling stations near the left and right banks had low velocities, and substrate types ranged from medium silt to very fine sand. Burrowing organisms such as tubificids, chironomids, and ephemerid-type mayflies dominated these environments. At the center, left-center, and right-center stations, velocities were higher and substrate materials were coarser than at the bank stations; only Corbicula was present in large numbers. Near the river mouth, salinity and aquatic vegetation greatly affect the benthic community structure. Differences in benthic community structure in the Mississippi River are due primarily to different hydrologic conditions. Industrial and municipal wastes discharged into the river appear to have little or no widespread effects on benthic populations.

Wendorf, F., R. Schild, R. Said, C. V. Haynes, A. Gautier and M. Kogusiewicz. 1976. The prehistory of the Egyptian Sahara. Science 193:103 114.

The Egyptian Sahara was occupied by humans only during specific and sharply restricted time intervals that closely coincide with episodes of significantly increased moisture. The Western Desert did not experience a period of increased moisture coeval with the last major episode of glaciation in North Europe (main Wuerm). Most of the archaeological industries are significantly different from those of the same age known from along the Nile. It is unlikely that the Sahara was a significant contributor to the archaeological diversity evident along the Nile during the Late Paleolithic. Corbicula sp. is discussed in a review of the geological framework.

Wentz, D. A., I. R. Waite and F. A. Rinella. 1998. Comparison of streambed sediment and aquatic biota as media for characterizing trace elements and organochlorine compounds in the Willamette Basin, Oregon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 51(3):673-693.

During 1992-93, 27 organochlorine compounds (pesticides plus total PCB) and 17 trace elements were analyzed in bed sediment and aquatic biota from 20 stream sites in the Willamette Basin as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Data from each medium were compared to evaluate their relative effectiveness for assessing occurrence (broadly defined as documentation of important concentrations) of these constituents. Except for Cd, Hg, Se, and Ag, trace element concentrations generally were higher in bed sediment than in biota. Conversely, although frequencies of detection for organochlorine compounds in biota were only slightly greater than in bed sediment, actual concentrations in biota (normalized to lipid) were as much as 19 times those in sediment (normalized to organic carbon). Sculpin (Cottus spp.) and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea), found at 14 and 7 sites, respectively, and were the most widespread taxa collected during the study. Concentrations of trace elements, particularly As and Cu, were typically greater in Asiatic clams than in sculpin. In contrast, almost half of the organochlorine compounds analyzed were found in sculpin, but only DDT and its degradation products were detected in Asiatic clams; this may be related to the lipid content of sculpin, which was about three times higher than for clams. Thus, the medium of choice for assessing occurrence depends largely on the constituent(s) of interest.

West, R. G., R. Andrew, J. A. Catt, C. P. Hart, J. T. Hollin, K. L. Knudsen, G. F. Miller, D. N. Penney, M. E. Pettit, R. C. Preece, V. R. Switsur, C. A. Whiteman and L. P. Zhou. 1999. Late and Middle Pleistocene deposits at Somersham, Cambridgeshire, U.K.: A model for reconstructing fluvial/estuarine depositional environments. Quaternary Science Reviews 18(10-11):1247-1314.

Gravel quarries at Somersham, Cambridgeshire, have yielded evidence for a Pleistocene channel of the R. Great Ouse, containing temperate stage sediments between cold stage sediments. In the earlier cold stage, fluviatile gravels and floodplain loessic sediment accumulated. In the later cold stage a further series of gravel units and floodplain sediments were deposited, together with lake sediments. The lake sediments are associated with Lake Sparks, dammed by Late Devensian ice in the Wash at ca. 18.5 ka BP. The lake sediments overlie gravels with a radiocarbon date from an organic horizon indicating a Middle Devensian age. Clast lithological analyses from the earlier and later gravels suggest that reworking of gravels has occurred within a relatively stable catchment. The petrography of the earlier cold stage loessic sediment and temperate stage fine sediment indicates an Anglian affinity, which conflicts with the biostratigraphic interpretation. Pollen and macroscopic plant remains from sediments of both cold stages and from the temperate stage indicate, respectively, assemblages with a typical full-glacial aspect with a rich flora of shrubs and open ground herbs(including an assemblage at ca. 18 ka), and temperate freshwater and marine-influenced organic sediments. On the basis of pollen analysis these are ascribed to substages Ip II and III of the Ipswichian Stage (O.I.S. 5e), with a Pinus-Quercus-Corylus biozone in the former and a biozone with Carpinus in the latter. Marine-influenced sediments, at - 3.7 to - 0.3 m OD, indicate transgression in Ip 11 and regression in Ip III. Molluscan assemblages from the temperate stage and the later cold stage are described; two are from the Late Devensian, at a time near the maximum extension of ice into the Wash. Foraminifer and ostracod faunas are described from post-Ipswichian sediments and may be reworked. Radiocarbon dates confirm the age of the later gravel suite as Devensian and a calibration of the measurements is given. Amino acid ratios from Corbicula fiuminalis valves from temperate stage sediments are reported, with measurements from different parts of the valve; the results tend to support an Ipswichian age. TL measurements of the earlier cold stage loessic sediment and associated sand indicate a pre-Ipswichian age for the sediments. The earlier cold stage is correlated with the pre-Ipswichian cold stage, the Wolstonian of Mitchell et al.(1973); problems with this correlation are discussed. Various periglacial phenomena, including thermal contraction networks and cracks, diapirs, involutions and coversand are associated with the Devensian sequence. The complex environmental history, based on stratigraphy and palaeontology, is described, and related to other nearby sites in southern Fenland.

Westerfield, S. M. 1996. Electrophoretic assessment of DNA strand breakage in the freshwater mussels Quadrula quadrula and Corbicula fluminea. Master of Science Thesis, University of Georgia (Athens). viii+71 pp.

Westerfield, S. M. and M. C. Black. 1996. DNA strand breakage and repair in asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) exposed to lead and caffeine. 17th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Washington, D. C., 17-21 November.

Westerfield, S. M. and M. C. Black. 1997. Comparison of constant voltage and field inversion gel electrophoresis methods for measuring dna strand breakage in freshwater bivalves. Toxicology Methods 7(2)111.

Westerlund, C. A. 1887. Land  och Sotvatten  Mollusker. IN: Ur Vega Expeditionen. Vet. Jaktt. pp. 143 220.

Corbicula cerebricostis sp. nov. is described (p. 218) and figured (Pl. 6, figs. 32a, b) from Hong Kong.

Westerlund, C. A. 1890. Fauna in der Paläarctischen Region, Lebenden Binnen Conchylien. VII. Malacozoa Acephala. H. Ohlsson (Lund). 319 pp.

White, C. A. 1876. Invertebrate paleontology of the plateau province, together with notice of a few species from localities beyond its limits in Colorado. IN: Report on the Geology of the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains, J. W. Powell. pp. 73 135.

White, C. A. 1877. Paleontological Papers No. 3. Catalogue of the invertebrate fossils hitherto published from the fresh  and brackish water deposits of the western portion of North America. U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), Bulletin 3:607 614.

White, C. A. 1877. The invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874. U. S. Geographical Survey West of the 100th Meridian (Wheeler Survey), Vol. 4, Part 1.

White, C. A. 1878. Paleontological Papers, No. 6. Descriptions of new species of invertebrate fossils from the Laramie Group. U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), Bulletin 4:707 719.

White, C. A. 1878. Paleontological Papers No. 7. On the distribution of molluscan species in the Laramie group. U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), Bulletin 4:721 724.

White, C. A. 1879. Report on the paleontological field work for the season 1877. U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), 11th Annual Report (for 1877). pp. 161 172.

Corbicula cardinaeformis and Corbicula cleburni are reported from the Laramie Cretaceous, Crow Creek, Colorado. Corbicula (Veloritina) durkeei (Meek, 1869) is reported from the Virgin River, southern Utah. Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Judith River beds, Montana, and the Laramie beds, Danforth Hills (?), Colorado, and 2 miles below Point of Rocks, Wyoming. Corbicula (Leptesthes) fracta (Meek, 1870) is reported from the Laramie Cretaceous, Crow Creek, Yampa Valley, and Danforth Hills, Colorado, and Black Buttes and Hallville, Wyoming. Corbicula (Leptesthes) macropistha and Corbicula obesa nomina nuda and Corbicula (Leptesthes) planumbona Meek, 1875 are reported from the Laramie Cretaceous, Crow Creek and Bijou Creek, Colorado. Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Judith River Tertiary, upper Missouri region, Laramie Cretaceous, Yampa Valley, Colorado, and Black Buttes and Point of Rocks, Wyoming. It is doubtfully reported from upper Kanab, Utah and is not found east of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Corbicula occidentalis bannisteri comb. nov. is proposed. Corbicula (Leptesthes) subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported from the Judith River or Ft. Union Cretaceous, Cherry Creek, Dakota, and Crow Creek and Bijou Creek, Colorado. The fossils of Corbicula powelli White, 1876, reported from 40 miles east of Denver, Colorado, Eocene of the Bijou Basin, are believed to have been found elsewhere. An unidentified species of Corbicula is also reported from Danforth Hills, Colorado.

White, C. A. 1882. New molluscan forms from the Laramie and Green River groups, with discussion of some associated forms heretofore known. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 5:94 99.

White, C. A. 1883. A review of the non marine fossil Mollusca of North America. U. S. Geological Survey Third Annual Report (1881 1882):403 550.

White, C. A. 1883. Late observations concerning the molluscan fauna and the geographical extent of the Laramie group. American Journal of Science, 3rd Series 25:207 209.

?Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported from the Laramie group, 7 miles northwest of Lampazos, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Corbicula (Leptesthes) fracta (Meek, 1870) is reported from the Bitter Creek Series, southern Wyoming, and the Laramie Cretaceous, 20 miles above the mouth of Bow River, southern Saskatchewan, Canada.

White, C. A. 1883. Contributions to invertebrate paleontology, No. 4. Fossils of the Laramie group. U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), 12th Annual Report (for 1878), Part 1. pp. 49 103.

White, C. A. 1889. On invertebrate fossils from the Pacific coast. Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey 51:1 102.

White, C. A. 1895. The Bear River formation and its characteristic fauna. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 128. 1 108 pp.

White, D. S. 1979. The effect of lake level fluctuation on Corbicula and other pelecypods in Lake Texoma, Texas and Oklahoma. IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 81 88.

From September 1974 to July 1977, the effect of water level fluctuations on populations of Corbicula fluminea and other pelecypods was examined for Lake Texoma, Texas and Oklahoma. When exposed by low water levels, most unionids, or freshwater mussel species migrate to deeper portions of the lake. Thus, their populations are maintained. C. fluminea is not capable of long migrations. Periods of drought during the winters of 1975 1976 and 1976 1977 reduced densities from a maximum of 642 to 0 clams per m<2<. When water level fluctuations occur, gravel, rip rap habitats provide greater protection for C. fluminea than do sandy substrata.

White, D. S. and S. J. White. 1977. The effect of reservoir fluctuations on populations of Corbicula manilensis (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae). Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences 57:106 109.

Since the early 1970's, Corbicula manilensis has become well established in Lake Texoma. Naturally occurring fluctuations of water levels in 1975 and early 1976, however, greatly reduced population densities by the following fall. Laboratory experiments showed that most clams cannot survive out of water for more than a few days even in wet sand. This nuisance organism, therefore, may be controlled by drawdowns of reservoirs at certain times of the year.

White, D. C. and S. J. White. 1977. Observations on the pelecypod fauna of Lake Texoma, Texas and Oklahoma, after more than 30 years impoundment. Southwestern Naturalist 22(2):235 254.

Studies at the turn of the century show that snad, silt load, and extremely variable flow made the Red River of Texas and Oklahoma unsuitable for most pelecypods. In 1944, Lake Texoma was created forming a 36,000 ha reservoir on the river, and the once sparse fauna is now flourishing. Studies in the late 1940's, mid 1950's, mid 1960's, and 1975 1976 show a gradually increasing density and siversity within the lake, despite a seeming lack of suitable habitats and mass mortalities caused by water level fluctuations. Except for Corbicula manilensis, the present species composition of the lake is essentially that which exists in the more productive tributaries to the Red River. Annotations on habitat preferences are given for each of the 15 species and forms, and an attempt has been made to contrast these data with the diverse and often unavailable older literature.

White, D. C., M. H. Winnell and D. J. Jude. 1984. Discovery of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 10(3):329 331.

Ten live specimens of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller) were collected 22 November 1983 in southeastern Lake Michigan offshore from the J. H. Campbell Power Plant. The site is 7.6 m deep with a substrate of coarse sand and gravel. This represents the second record of Corbicula from the Laurentian Great Lakes and the first from Lake Michigan.

White, P. A. 1985. Growth, reproduction and thermal tolerance of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in a northern temperate habitat. Master of Science Thesis, University of Dayton (Ohio). viii+123 pp.

White, P. A. and A. J. Burky. 1984. Low temperature tolerance of winter acclimated Corbicula fluminea. American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):94. [Abstract]

The northern distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) has been claimed to be associated with thermally buffered waters. This theory has been supported by published data on distribution, and by studies of low thermal tolerance where clams (laboratory acclimated) do not survive below 2^oC.

In this study, winter field acclimated juveniles and adults (Great Miami River, Dayton, Ohio) were examined for survival at experimental temperatures of 0, 2, 5, and 15^oC. A field acclimation temperature of 0^oC was determined as the average field temperature two weeks prior to collection. Clams were collected and held at 0^oC for eight days prior to tolerance testing. Groups of 20 juveniles (1 10 mm shell length) and 14 adults (10 40 mm) were fed daily during testing at each experimental temperature for 1266 hrs (52.8 days). Observations for mortality (M) were made at 6 hr intervals for the first month, and every 24 hrs thereafter. M was determined by a "gape" and "twist" test. For each experimental group the relationship of time (T) in hours vs %M can be expressed by M = a + b ln T, where "a" and "b" are constants. At 0^oC the first Ms were at 411 hrs (17.1 days) and 892 hrs (37.2 days) with 5% Ms at 683 (28.5 days) and 1266 (52.8 days) for juveniles (a =  501.12, b = 84.51 r² = 0.97) and adults (a =  544.72, b = 80.56, r² = 0.61) respectively. Fifty %M was not reached at other test temperatures. At 2^oC the first Ms were at 621 hrs (25.9 days) and 892 hrs (37.2 days) for juveniles (a =  409.56, b = 64.16, r² = 0.92) and adults (a =  426.12, b = 63.48. r² = 0.82) respectively. At 5^oC the first Ms were at 531 hrs (22.l days) and 823 hrs (34.3 days) for juveniles (a =  354.74, b = 56.38, r² = 0.94) and adults (a =  480.87, b = 72.15, r² = 0.90) respectively. No M was observed at 15^oC. These data show that C. fluminea can tolerate prolonged exposure (> 53 days) at temperatures below 2^oC, and that adults are more tolerant than juveniles. The northern distribution of C. fluminea may be limited more by summer constraints on reproduction (due to "low" temperature regimes) than by winter survival.

Whiteaves, J. F. 1885. Contributions to Canadian paleontology. Canadian Geological and Natural History Survey 1(1):

Whiteaves, J. F. 1895. Notes on some of the Cretaceous fossils collected during Captain Palliser's explorations in British North America in 1857 1860. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 2nd Series 1:101 117.

Whitfield, R. P. 1885. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan clays and Greensand marls of New Jersey. U. S. Geological Survey, Monograph 9.

Whitfield, R. P. 1891. Observations on some Cretaceous fossils from the Beirut District of Syria with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3:381 441.

Whitfield, R. P. 1903. Notice of six new species of Unios from the Laramie group. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19:483 487.

Whitney, F. L. 1928. Bibliography and index of North American Mesozoic invertebrates. Bulletins of American Paleontology 12 (4B):47 494.

Wiegers, F. 1920. Diluvialprähistorie als geologische Wissenschaft. Abhandlungen Presse Geologie Landesanst, N.F., Heft 84. 210 pp.

Wilder, F. A. 1904. The Laramie and Fort Union beds in North Dakota. Journal of Geology 12:290 293.

Corbicula nebraskensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is presented as a misspelling of Corbicula nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) and is reported from the Laramie formation of the Cannonball River, North Dakota.

Williams, C. J. 1985. The population biology and physiological ecology of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) in relation to downstream dispersal and clam impingement on power station raw water systems. Master of Science Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington. xii+152 pp.

Williams, C. J. and R. F. McMahon. 1985. Seasonal variation in oxygen consumption rates, nitrogen excretion rates and tissue organic carbon: Nitrogen ratios in the introduced Asian freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea (Müller) (Lamellibranchia: Corbiculacea). American Malacological Bulletin 3(2):267 268.

Specimens of Corbicula fluminea were collected monthly from May 1981, through December 1982, in an inlet of Lake Arlington, Tarrent County, Texas, from which an electrical power station drew raw cooling water. Specimens carried by intake currents onto travelling screens in front of the cooling water intake embayments were also collected. Specimens were either maintained in 1.0 L jars at field ambient water temperature prior to experimentation or were frozen at 74^oC. Within 24 hrs of collection the oxygen uptake rates (VO₂) of subsamples of 10 individuals or groups of smaller individuals with shell lengths (SL) chosen to be representative of SL range in the adult population (adult SL > 10 mm) where monitored with oxygen electrodes.

Williams, C. J. and R. F. McMahon. 1986. Power station entrainment of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) in relation to population dynamics, reproductive cycle and biotic and abiotic variables. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 99 111.

The passive downstream dispersal of specimens of the introduced Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, was studies in the intake canal of a steam electric power station on Lake Arlington, Texas, from 29 June 1981 through 6 December 1982. Downstream dispersal was monitored by a zooplankton net and clam trap periodically placed in the intake canal and by collection of clams from travelling screens in front of pump embayments. The population dynamics and reproductive cycle of the inlet canal C. fluminea population were monitored along with water quality parameters and phytoplankton densities. Passive downstream dispersal on water currents was recorded in all size classes, but the majority was recently spawned juveniles (SL < 1 mm). Peak juvenile transport was associated with either reproductive periods or low winter water temperatures. Downstream dispersal of immature (SL = 1 7 mm) and adult clams (SL > 7 mm) occurred just prior to the advent of larval incubation. No correlations were found between passive downstream transport rates and phytoplankton densities or water quality parameters.

Williams, C. J. and R. F. McMahon. 1989. Annual variation of tissue biomass and carbon and nitrogen content in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea relative to downstream dispersal. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(1):82-90.

Tissue dry weight biomass, ash-free dry weight, organic carbon content, nitrogen content, and organic carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) of individuals of Corbicula fluminea were monitored monthly over an annual reproductive cycle in a population living in an inlet from which a power station drew cooling water; the same variables were monitored for clams trapped on traveling screens in power station water intake embayments. These measurements were used to determine the relationship between tissue condition and downstream dispersal behavior. The ratio of dry tissue weight to dry shell weight showed marked seasonal variation: it was minimal during reproduction and maximal during overwintering, nonreproductive periods. Fractional ash content increased and organic content decreased during reproduction as shelled juveniles accumulated in the inner demibranchs.

Williams, J. A. 1991. The use of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula Fluminea (Müller 1771), as a monitor of environmental pollutants. Master of Science Thesis, Tennessee Technological University (Cookeville). vi+32 pp.

Williams, J. D. 1997. Conservation status of freshwater mussels: Families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae. Journal of Shellfish Research 16(1):327.

The United States has the greatest diversity of freshwater mussels in the world, nearly 300 species and subspecies. The decline of mussels has gone almost unnoticed due to insufficient inventory and monitoring and research on biology and conservation. Decline of freshwater mussels has resulted from a variety of habitat perturbations. The most significant impacts have come from habitat destruction. Competition from non-native mollusks, the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea and zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, has also contributed to the loss of native mussels. Of the 297 native mussel species, 213 (71.7%) are considered endangered, threatened, or of special concern. This figure includes 21 mussels (7.1%) that are endangered and presumed extinct. Only 70 species (23.6%) are considered to have stable populations. Future trends in molluscan extinction will depend on the nation's ability to change the direction taken in conservation and recovery of endangered species. Conservation and restoration efforts should be focused on ecosystems and watersheds, instead of individual species. To reverse the current rate of species loss, a stronger commitment from state and federal agencies and increased public involvement will be required.

Williams, J. C. 1969. Mussel Fishery Investigation: Tennessee, Ohio, and Green Rivers. Final Report. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, Research Project No. 4 19 R (Frankfort). 106 pp.

Williams, M. L., C. G. Palmer and A. K. Gordon. 2003. Riverine macroinvertebrate responses to chlorine and chlorinated sewage effluents - Acute chlorine tolerances of Baetis harrisoni (Ephemeroptera) from two rivers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Water S.A. 29(4):483-488.

Chlorine is widely used in South African sewage treatment works, and despite its volatility is likely to have a considerable impact on riverine ecosystems. This paper considers the results of acute (96 h) toxicity responses to chlorine of riverine mayfly nymphs Baetis harrisoni collected from the small, relatively uncontaminated suburban Westville Stream, KwaZulu-Natal and from the more severely impacted Umbilo River, which flows through the industrial area of Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The 96 h LC₅₀ value for total residual chlorine for nymphs from Westville Stream was 4.1 mg/l and from the Umbilo River 4.8 mg/l. This value is well below the general effluent standard of 100 mg/l (General and Special Standards, Regulation 991, 1984), but correlates with the acute effect value guideline of 5 mg/l (South African Water Quality Guidelines, No 7. 1996).

Williamson, P. G. 1981. Palaeontological documentation of speciation in Cenozo molluscs from Turkana Basin. Nature 293:437 443.

A recently discovered series of mollusc faunas from the late Cenozoic of the eastern Turkana Basin in northern Kenya constitutes one of the best documented metazoan fossil sequences. Evolutionary patterns in all lineages conform to the "punctuated equilibrium" model, no "gradualistic" morphological trends occur. These faunas provide the first fine scaled palaeontological resolution of events during speciation; fundamental phenotypic transformation of both sexual and asexual taxa occurs rapidly, in comparatively large populations, and is accompanied by a significant elevation of phenotypic variance. This increase in variance reflects extreme developmental instability in the transitional populations. A major phenotypic transformation is documented for Corbicula consobrina, but populations intermediate between typical representatives of the species lineage are too poorly documented for analysis of change in phenotypic variance.

Wilson, S. D. 1980. The removal of algae from wastewater stabilization pond effluents by the use of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula. Master of Science in Environmental Heatlth

Winger, P. V., C. Sieckman, T. W. May and W. W. Johnson. 1984. Residues of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals in biota from the Apalachicola River, Florida. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 67(2):325 333.

Composite samples (77) composed of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense), Corbicula fluminea, burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia sp.), water snake (Natrix spp.), and little green heron (Butorides virescens) were collected from upper and lower reaches of the Apalachicola River, Florida, in 1978, for residue analysis of organochlorine insecticides, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) and metals. Compared with data from the National Pesticide Monitoring Program and criteria recommended for the protection of aquatic life, residue concentrations were moderately high in the Apalachicola River. Biota from the upper river generally had higher organic and lower metal residues. Highest residues in the biota were total DDT, total PCB and toxaphene. Although individual mean concentrations were < 2 mu g/g and total organic contaminant residues never exceeded 5 mu g/g residue concentrations of DDT, PCB and toxaphene (particularly from the upper river) exceeded recommended permissible levels for the protection of aquatic life. Metal residues were generally < 1 mu g/g. Exceptions were Ar residues in threadfin shad (1.07 mu g/g) and C. fluminea (1.7 mu g/g) and Se in eggs of channel catfish (1.39 mu g/g). The residues observed in the biota, particularly from the upper station, indicated moderate contamination of the Apalachicola River system at the time the samples were collected.

Winter, S. 1996. Cadmium uptake kinetics by freshwater mollusc soft body under hard and soft water conditions. Chemosphere 32(10):1937-1948.

The kinetics of cadmium bioaccumulation was studied in four freshwater mollusc species from the Rhine river system. Cadmium uptake was measured under hard and soft water conditions as well as under original Rhine water conditions. Special attention was paid to interspecific variations of cadmium uptake. Under laboratory conditions the estimated bioaccumulation factor amounted to 1300-19000 for the whole soft body, calculated on a dry mass basis. Concentrations were highest in Dreissena polymorpha, followed by those in Corbicula fluviatilis, Ancylus fluviatilis and Anodonta anatina.

Winter, S. and E. Kentner. 1995. Populations- dichte und bevorzugte Sedimentstruktur der Gattung Corbicula im Oberrhein. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 24:557.

Winternitz, L. H. 1992. Secondary production levels of the asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Master of Science Environmental Management Thesis, University of San Francisco (California). x + 210 pp.

Wissing, T. E., D. J. Hornbach, M. S. Smith, C. M. Way and J. P. Alexander. 1982. Caloric contents of corbiculacean clams (Bivalvia: Heterodonta) from freshwater habitats in the United States and Canada. Journal of Molluscan Studies 48:80 83.

The caloric content of Musculum lacustre (Müller), Musculum securis (Prime), Musculum partumeium (Say), Pisidium casertanum (Poli), Pisidium compressum (Prime), Sphaerium fabale (Prime), Spaherium rhomboideum (Say), Spaherium simile (Say), Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller) are discussed. These values reflect the relative proportions of carbohydrate (4.15 kcal/g ¹), protein (5.65 kcal/g ¹), and fat (9.40 kcal/g ¹) in the body tissues. Caloric values may represent the condition of the organisms at the time of capture or may indicate the decline of the measured constituents during reproduction, or a change in the nutritional state related to the quantity or quality of the food supply. Mean caloric content for C. fluminea was 5.44 kcal/g ¹ (range = 5.37 5.55) and mean percent ash content was 6.3 (range = 6.2 6.3).

Wolff, W. 1913. Neue Funde pliocäner und diluvialer Conchylien in glazialen Stromkiesen bei Obornik in Posen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 65:208 210.

Wood, S. V. 1834. Lacustrine formations among the Tertiary beds. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7:274 275.

Wood, S. V. 1882. The newer pliocene period in England. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 38:667 745.

Wood, W. 1828. Index Testaceologicus, S. Hanley, Ed. Supplement.

Woodruff, D. S., V. Kijviriya and E. S. Upatham. 1993. Genetic relationships among Asian Corbicula .: Thai clams are referable to topotypic Chinese Corbicula fluminea. American Malacological Bulletin 10(1):51-53.

A survey of 28 electrophoretically detected allozyme loci revealed that Thai Corbicula are weakly differentiated (Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D = 0.12-0.16) from Corbicula fluminea from the type locality in southern China, 1800 km away. This finding supports our earlier proposal that 20 nominal Corbicula species from Thailand are junior synonyms of the widespread and conchologically variable C. fluminea.

Woodward, F. R. 1964. Studies on Polymesoda expansa Mousson (Corbiculidae, Bivalvia) from Pinmark Archipelago. Videmakabellre Keddeleiner. Dansk Naturfredningsforen Arsskrift Kobenhavn 127:149 154.

Woodward, S. P. 1866. A Manual of the Mollusca, 2nd. Ed. John Weale (London).

Corbicula fluminalis is discussed.

Wu, T. H., and Q. Y. Chen. 1986. Densities and distribution of zoobenthos in the lower reaches (Nanjing Jiangyin section) of Changjiang (the Yangtze) River. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 10(1):73 85. [Chinese with English summary]

During October and November 1979, a survey of zoobenthos in the lower reaches (Nanjing Jiangyin section) of the Yangtze River was made. Samples were collected with a 0.1 m² bottom sampler from 53 sampling points distributed in the main stream, tributaries and outlets of the tributaries. Altogether, 42 species belonging to 30 genera and 18 families were found. Aulodrilus prothecatus, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Nephthy polybranchia, Procladius sp., and Corbicula fluminea predominated. The mean density of zoobenthos was 328 ind./m m² (86.59% belonging to Oligochaeta) and the biomass was 37,216 g/ m² (98.43% belonging to Mollusca).

Wu, W. I. 1979. Morphometric studies on Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Bulletin of the Malacological Society of China 6:1 12. [Chinese with English summary]

There are two forms of Corbicula fluminea found in Taiwan, which were collected from Lungluant (LT), Iland (IL) and Shinwu (SW). The first form has a bright yellow green periostracum and a white shell interior. The second form has a black periostracum and a purplish shell interior. The difference between these two forms was expressed as a shell condition factor (SCF = shell weight/(shell length[SL] x shell height [SH] x shell width [SD]) and calculating linear regressions of SL SH and SL SD, as well as an analysis of covariance. The form with pale coloration has a larger SCF and greater slopes on SL SH and SL SD than those of the darker form. The SCF value and color variation of the shell may be influenced by the environment. The Fb and Fa ratios of covariance among the sampling stations at LY, IL, and SW are not significant. Therefore, the slight variation of C. fluminea from different localities are not beyond the population level.

Wu, X., Y. Liang, H. Wang, Z. Xie and Y. Ou. 2000. Distribution and species diversity of freshwater Mollusca of lakes along mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Journal of Lake Sciences 12(4):111-118. [Chinese with English summary]

Shallow lakes numerously distributed along mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River are of great importance to human life. Among those lakes, molluscan species are abundant, especially the endemic ones. This paper presents the results of the investigation of Mollusca in 13 lakes and 110 species belongings to 15 families and 40 genera were recorded. Among them, Bellamya quadrata (Benson), Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve), Alocinma longicornis (Benson), Parafossarulus sinensis (Neumayr), Parafossarulus eximius (Frauenfeld), Semisulcospira cancellata (Benson), Radix auricularia (Lin.), and Radix plicatula (Beuson) in Gastropoda and Limnoperna lacustris (Martens) Lanceolaria grayana (Lea), Anodonta woodiana woodiana (Lea), Cristaria plicata (Leach), Corbicula fluminea Müller and Sphaerium lacustre (Müller) in Bivalvia were predominant. The species number(S) - area(A,km²) relationship of Mollusca was calculated. It may be expressed as: lgS = 0. 767 + 0.258lgA. By means of cluster analysis method, the faunal similarities of Mollusca among 13 lakes were also analyzed. They can be divided into three groups: Group one consists of those in Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake that are the largest lakes in China and connected directly with the Yangtze River. Group two includes molluscans in 10 lakes of middle or small sizes, all with abundant aquatic vegetation. Group three contains only the fauna of Taihu Lake located near the lower Yangtze River and characterized by its abundant bivalves.

Wunder, W. 1963. :Uber die Bodentiere in agyptischen Gewassern und ihre Bedeutung als Fishnahrung. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft in Munchen 1963. pp. 397 404.

Wüst, E. 1900. Untersuchungen :uber das Plioc:an und das :alteste Pleistozän Th:uringens usw. Abhandlungen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Halle (Stuttgart) 23:135, 184.

Wüst, E. 1902. Ein interglazialer Kies mit Resten von Brack wasserorganismen bei Henkendorf im Mansfeldischen H:ugellande. Zentrbl. für Min. pp. 107 112.

Wüst, E. 1902. Ein pleistozäner Unstrutkies mit Corbicula fluminalis Müll. sp. und Melanopsis acicularis F'er. in Bottendorf bei Rossleben. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Stuttgart) 75:209 223.

Wüst, E. 1903. Diluviale Salzstellen im Deutschen Binnenlande. Globus 84:137 138.

Wüst, E. 1904. Weitere Beobachtungen über fossilf:uhrende pleistozäne Flussablagerungen im unteren Unstrutgebiete. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Stuttgart) 77:71 80.