Fundamentals of geology I. (lithosphere) 1 1. The formation of the Earth 1
Pict. 7.9. Entrance of the abandoned uranium mine at Kővágószőlős
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- 7.2. 7.2. Environmental effects
- Fig. 7.2. ) (Pict. 7.10.
- Fig. 7.2. Conventional method of the mine opening and manageing of the mine rubbish
Pict. 7.9. Entrance of the abandoned uranium mine at Kővágószőlős 7.1.3.3. 7.1.3.4. Petroleum mining Petroleum (crude oil) consists of a large number of organic compounds mostly saturated hydrocarbons mixed with sea water, and silt (fine clay). Petroleum (crude oil) cannot be used as such .However; Petroleum (crude oil) can be separated into several useful products by fractional distillation. Petroleum occurs at a depth ranging from a few hundred meters to about 2-3 kilometers. So, its mining is very expensive process. The possible locations are first identified by aerial surveys and ground tests (this is called oil exploration). Then, holes are drilled into the earth’s crust and pipes are inserted until the pipes reach the petroleum bearing rocks (this is called oil drilling). When pipes are lowered to slightly greater depths, then the crude oil gushes out on its own due to high internal pressure of natural gas. When the gas pressure decreases, the crude oil is pumped out with the help of pumps. The crude oil from the oil field is taken to the refineries with the help of underground pipelines. The drill-hole from which crude oil are mined are called oil-wells. Now –a day, petroleum is also mined by drilling holes into the seabed. Such a drilling is called offshore drilling. The first oil-well was drilled in Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in 1859. 7.2. 7.2. Environmental effects Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to increase the available room for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include coal fires, which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage (Fig. 7.2.) (Pict. 7.10.). 
Fig. 7.2. Conventional method of the mine opening and manageing of the mine rubbish 
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