Human Geography Models and Key Concepts for Chapters 1-13 Study Guide for May ap college Board Exam
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- 2. Demographic Transition Model
- Between Stage 2 and 3, is where birth and death rates are furthest apart, resulting in high NIR.
| Human Geography Models and Key Concepts for Chapters 1-13 Study Guide for May AP College Board Exam
1. Brandt Line 
Brandt Line: Named after Willy Brandt, a chancellor of West Germany before the wall came down in 1989 that eventually united Germany. The line separates the Northern from the Southern Hemispheres (exception is Oceania). North of the line are More Developed Countries that benefit from wealth in terms of economic, social, and political stability. The southern hemisphere suffers from economic, social, and political instability or termed as Less Developed Countries. 2. Demographic Transition Model 
Stage One: Pre-agricultural societies engaged in subsistence farming and transhumance, the seasonal migration for food and resources or owning livestock. Birth rates and death rates fluctuate due climate, warfare, disease, and environmental factors. There is little population growth. The NIR is generally low because of disease epidemics. Birth rates are high because children were an expression of a family's productivity and status and they were invaluable for helping with the work of gathering, herding, etc. Child mortality and infant mortality are very high due to lack of medical knowledge. Families were lucky if one or two children would make it to adulthood. Death rates are high. Overall population has a very low life expectancy. Limited medicine, sanitation, nutrition, hazards such as famine and war, all caused people to die easily. Hard physical labor and long migrations wore down the bodies and decreased life span. Stage Two: Stage 2 countries are agricultural-based economies. Birth rates remain high while death rates decline over time. The NIR goes up significantly as birth rates and death rates diverge. As a country advances, population growth explodes. Rapid population growth has been a concern when looking at the quality of life in LDCs. Life is better due to the Industrial Revolution first and the medical revolution second. MDCs like Europe, USA, and Canada experienced the Industrial Revolution first. Then the Medical Revolution came 2nd. LDCs did not move into Stage 2 until MDCs brought medical inventions and medicine to Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Once LDCs received medical help, they could start surviving. Then the Industrial Revolution inventions began to spread to LDCs. Death rates began to plunge during Stage 2 due to the Industrial Revolution and medical revolution. During Stage 2, international migration resulted. Urbanization and shift from rural to urban centers for work also increased. Manufacturing is apparent and there is a focus away from agriculture toward the end of Stage 2. Between Stage 2 and 3, is where birth and death rates are furthest apart, resulting in high NIR. Stage 3: Stage 3 is where most "industrialized" or manufacturing-based countries were found in the transition. MDCs of Europe and USA shifted their economies to more service-based focus. Birth rates continue to decrease as the effects of urbanization (less space, time, and need factors). Increases in health care, education, and female employment bring about less fertility per woman. Women have a choice and contraceptives are more available. Women's education and employment also results in few children due to time constraints. Women are empowered to gain from their school and job experiences. There is access of health care, nutrition, sanitation, and education so life expectancy is greater. Also, death rates eventually bottom out. Everyone is going to die eventually. Life expectancies can go up even further in stage four, but the death rate stays the same. There is no way to stop people from dying. Stage 4: Birth and death rages converge and there is a limited population growth -- even a decline. Tertiary service industries like finance, insurance, real estate, health care, and communications are what grow the economy. Manufacturing is dying. Women are not having as many babies -- zero population growth. When birth rates reach the same level of death rates, this is zero population growth. NIR equal 0.0 percent. Birth rates can decline and even be lower than death rates. This results in a negative NIR and a shrinking population. USA services are 80% of the GDP, and manufacturing is only 17% in Stage 4. USA is not ZPG due to the USA being a desirable place for immigration. In Western Europe and Anglo-North America, there is a large, over 65 dependency rate. New term to remember: demographic momentum: the term that describes the concept that population will continue to grow even after fertility rates decline. 3. Epidemiological Transition Model 
Stage 1: Plagues, pestilence, famine, Black Plague Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population) due to Industrial Revolution (improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine) - Cholera and Dr. John Snow Stage 3: Stage of degenerative and human created diseases (heart attacks, cancer, cardiovascular) Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases due to operations, medicine, reduce tobacco and alcohol, better info, more education multi-media, exercise Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases. Evolution of microbes that cannot be destroyed by medicine. Poverty causes infectious diseases. Improved travel spreads microbes all over the world. AIDS. Societies could revert back to Stage 1. Directory: blogs -> tweed -> files -> 2011 blogs -> Critical Kent: The Topographies Project: Beaches (2015). Background notes for Explorations of: From Whitstable into the Thanet Coast blogs -> Atlantic Basin and eastern Pacific they are called hurricanes blogs -> Anbookstore com Copyright 2013 blogs -> Kin 465 – Interculturalism, Health & Physical Activity Glossary of Terms blogs -> The St. Louis Cardinal’s Miracle Run At the beginning of September, no one would have guessed that the St. Louis Cardinals would be playing in the World Series, let alone making the playoffs blogs -> The St. Louis Cardinal’s Miracle Run At the beginning of September, no one would have guessed that the St. Louis Cardinals would be playing in the World Series, let alone making the playoffs 2011 -> Chapter 5 Language Review in Groups Questions to Discuss 2011 -> ● origin and diffusion of english Download 1.69 Mb. Share with your friends:
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