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- Slovenia, Hungarians in
- Hungary, History of; Trianon Peace Treaty; Paris Peace Treaty . Smoke Offerings
- Highwaymen’s Time; Savanyú, Jóska; Rózsa, Sándor; Vidróczki, Márton. Sobieski III, János
- Esztergom. Social Union Party →Political Parties in Hungary. Solt, Gallows of
- Council (Soviet) Republic of Hungary; Szamuelli, Tibor. Soltész, Elemér
- Borbás, Antal. Solti, Bertalan
- Bartók, Béla; Dohnányi, Ernő, Kodály, Zoltán. Soltis, Lajos
- Vámos, László.
- Göncz, Árpád; Mádl, Gyula; Political Parties.
Skirs – They are generally classified as one of the Northern German tribes, although it is possible that they separated from the Kutrigur tribal alliance. They lived on the North shore of the Black Sea before the Hun era. The Huns may have given them permission to settle in the Carpathian Basin around the middle part of the 5th century AD. Tradition maintains that Edekon, King of the Skirs, was one of Attila’s senior guard officers, his confidant and the one who, during his visit to Byzantium, was allegedly bribed. Edekon’ son, Odoacer, toppled the Western Roman Empire in 476, and became King of Italy. On the property of the Cardinal of Kalocsa in Bakodpuszta, three tombs were discovered in 1859, containing ornate almandine-encrusted golden jewelry (necklaces, bracelets and rings), made by the late antique workshops of the Black Sea region around the second quarter of the 5th century. According to some theories, based on the age and geographic locations of these vaults, they probably belonged to the female relatives of Edecon, King of the Skirs, and Odoacer’s family. The Cardinal donated these artifacts to the Hungarian National Museum. In 1878, an almandine-encrusted fragment of the frame of a golden shield was found in the marshes of Sárviz Creek. A thorough critical style analysis of the fragment showed it originated in the second quarter of the 5th century and displayed the same elements as other Skir finds of the same era. About 700 to 930 grams of gold were used for the shield and its sections were encrusted with approximately 1,000 pieces of almandine. Perhaps Sárviz is the same creek, once called Bolia by the Romans, where all the peoples of the Carpathian Basin united to fight the Ostrogoths in 469, and where King Edecon may have lost his life. – B: 1020, T: 3240. Skriba, Zoltán (Mesterháza, 22 July 1905 - Budapest 13 June 1984) – Metallurgical engineer. He obtained his diploma in metallurgical engineering from the Academy of Mining and Forestry (Bánya és Erdőmérnöki Főiskola), Sopron, in 1929. In 1935 he became a teaching assistant at the same place. In 1935 he worked as an engineer for the Kollár Károly Mining and Mechanical Engineering Design Office (Kollár Károly Kohó- és Gépészmérnöki Tervező Iroda); then from the end of the year, until 1945 he was production engineer for the aluminum smelter of Weiss Manfred Steel and Metal Works (Weiss Manfréd Acél- és Fémművek). After World War II, he was an operating engineer at the same place; from 1947 he was manager of a section of the factory. From 1952 to 1957 he was Chief Engineer for the Hungarian Copper Mills (Magyar Rézhengerművek). Skriba retired in 1967. During the same time, from 1949 on, he taught the subject of metal working at the State Technical and Economic Institute (Állami Műszaki Főiskola) and at the Polytechnic (Műegyetem) of Budapest. From 1951 he taught at the Academy of Engineering and Economics; from 1967 at the Bánki Donát Engineering Industry College (Gépipari Műszaki Főiskola). He managed the Consolidated Central Plastics Department of Mechanical Engineering for a long time and was a member of the editorial board of the technical journal called Machine Fabricating Technology (Gépgyártástechnológia). He received the Bánki Donát Prize (1968). His major work was: The Easy-shaping of Metals (Fémek képlékeny alakítása) (1959) – B: 0883, T: 7684. Slavonia, Coat of Arms – Beneath the six-armed star on a silver-bordered blue shield, a beech-marten runs toward the heraldic right side across the scarlet, wavy fesse. The marten signifies the Árpád era, when Slavonia paid its taxes to Hungary in marten pelts. The coat of arms was a present from Ulászló II (Wladislas) Hungarian King (1490-1516), and was incorporated into the center right of the middle coat of arms within the Hungarian coat-of-arms. – B: 1230, 1134, T: 7671. Slovenia, Hungarians in – The Hungarian community in Slovenia lives practically in one bloc in the Muravidék (Mura Region). It was part of Historic Hungary; but in 1920 it was detached from Hungary and ceded to the newly created Yugoslavia. According to the 1991 census, their number was 8,500; but estimates place their number at between 12,000 and 16,000. The 2002 census showed that approximately 6,500 persons declared themselves to be Hungarian. The two figures indicate that a strong assimilation is taking place. This also indicates that Hungarians at the remote border region of three countries – Hungary, Austria, and the former Yugoslavia – have not been able to recover from the two World Wars and from the losses caused by reprisals, forced resettlement, emigration, and internal migration. While the number of Hungarians has decreased, the number of intellectuals willing to play a decisive role in Hungarian cultural life has increased. However, the bilingual educational system is criticized as the cause of the assimilation. Since the independence of the Slovenian Republic in 1991, the building of contacts with the mother country gained a strong momentum. The country’s Constitution guarantees Hungarians one deputy’s mandate in the parliament. Hungarians of Muravidék were able to establish their own cultural autonomy. The main concern for the Hungarians of Muravidék is “economic backwardness”. The region is far removed from the country’s economic centers and transportation routes. Officially, the unemployment rate for Muravidék as a whole is 17.2%, 16.6% in the area of Muraszombat (Muravska Sobota), and 20.5% in that of Lendva (Lendava). The region is making resolute efforts to develop the economy. In the 2005/2006 school year 995 students were enrolled in Muravidék’s bilingual elementary schools, and the data show a continued decrease in the number of students. 325 students started the school year in the Bilingual Secondary School of Lendva, a total of 38 are students in the two high school sections, 20 in a joint economics (13) and mechanical engineering (7) section, and a total of 26 students are in two three-year vocational training sections. An additional 11 students are enrolled in the economics section. A total of 1,320 students finished the school year in Muravidék’s bilingual elementary and secondary schools. There is a weekly People’s Newspaper (Népújság), which is printed in 1,800 copies. The Hungarian Radio in Muravidék with 14 full-time employees and 12 outside staff members is a part of the Slovene RTV, and the Lendva Studio of Slovene Television provides information in Hungarian as well, and helps to preserve the Hungarian traditions and heritage. There is the Hungarian Nationality Cultural Institute of Muravidék. Its activities cover four main fields: amateur performances, book publishing, promotion of ethnography and local history, and cultivation of the native language. They have retained much of their Hungarian customs, beliefs and tradition practices and the Christmas and New Year celebrations are very strongly tradition-based. They still celebrate the so-called Gergely-járás (Gregory walk) as an annual event on March 12 at Göntérháza and Radamos. Their strong sense of history is reflected in their poems. The events surrounding the deeds of King Mátyás (late 1400’s) are still recounted. About half of their 16 cultural associations have active ties with villages on the Hungarian side of the border. Visiting Hungarian exhibits and theater presentations enrich the lives of the people who can send their youth to higher education in Hungary. – B: 1454, T: 7103.→Hungary, History of; Trianon Peace Treaty; Paris Peace Treaty. Smoke Offerings – An ancient tradition in the East, a religious ceremony accessory, expressing respect and homage by burning scented materials. According to Herodotus (5th century BC), the Babylonians burned 1000 talents worth of frankincense on the holiday of the god Baal. Plutarch (c. 46 – 120 AD) maintained that the Egyptians made offerings of incense to their sun god three times a day. The custom reached the Greeks in the 7th century BC, the Romans some time later. Among Hungarians, old religious customs lived on for quite a while, and the forbidden smoke offering ritual was still practiced on a regular basis even after they embraced Christianity. In the beginning, the Christian Church abhorred the custom as pagan; however, from the 4th century on, it found its way into the ritual of the Mass. However, it was strictly forbidden to make smoke offerings at the statues of the Emperors. – B: 1078, 1020, T: 7617. Smoke Tax – It was the name of various taxes in Hungary during the Middle Ages. The serfs’ dwellings usually had one single chimney, thus each column of smoke represented one house. The smoke column became the basis of tax collection. That tax could have been the obligatory tax (census) payable to the landowner, or the war-tax collected by the state. King Mátyás I (Mathias Corvinus, 1458-1490) introduced that kind of tax as a substitute of the previous “portal” (entrance) tax. – B: 1231, T: 3233. Snétberger, Ferenc (Francis) (Salgótarján, 6 February 1957 - ) – Guitarist and composer. He was the youngest boy in a family of musicians. Early in his career, his father, also a guitar player, was his role model. He studied Classical Music and Jazz Guitar at the Béla Bartók School of Music, Budapest (1977-1981). His music is inspired by the Roma (Gypsy) tradition, and also by Brazilian music, flamenco, classical guitar and jazz. Since 1978, he played in a variety of jazz ensembles. In 1986 he was a soloist at the Paderborn Guitar Festival. In 1987 he participated in Jazz in the Huly Festival. From 1987 he was with the Trio Stendhallal Ensemble. Since 1988 he has been living in Berlin. Since 1996 he has been a member of The Budapest Concert, and from 1997, of the Obsession Trio. In 2004 he founded his new trio with the Norwegian bass player Arild Andersen and the Norway-based Italian percussionist Paolo Vinaccia. On stage, Snétberger has performed with David Friedman, Ghafer Youssef, James Moody, Trilok Gurtu, Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia, Bobby McFerrin, and others. He has toured all over Europe as well as Japan, Korea, India and the USA. He made two great records with Trio Stendhallal entitled Earthsound (1991) and Something Happened (1992). His published solo CDs are: Samboa (1990); Bajotambo (1992), and also the trio, Signature (1995), and Nomad (2005). His work with Markus Stockhausen began in 1999 with Landscapes, a duo suite recorded for his album For My People. He also wrote music for film and theater. He is best known for his art of improvising, and his crossing of stylistic borders. In 2002, Snétberger was made freeman of his birth town and two years later he received the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary. In 2005, he was awarded the Franz Liszt Prize in Budapest. – B: 0874, 1031, T: 7103. Sobri, Jóska (Joe) (József Pap) (Ugod, 1809 - Lápafő, 17 February 1837) – Outlaw (betyár) from the Hungarian West. He was named after the village of Sobor in Sopron County. From there, his father moved to County Vas as a swine herd. Sobri was imprisoned in Zirc in 1834 for minor thefts. In 1835 his band of outlaws operated in the counties of Vas, Győr, Zala and Veszprém. They robbed rich shepherds and merchants. Fleeing military service, he was wounded and committed suicide. He inspired a cult movement, with stories, songs and dances preserving his legend. – B: 0883,T: 7667.→ Highwaymen’s Time; Savanyú, Jóska; Rózsa, Sándor; Vidróczki, Márton. Sobieski III, János (John) (Jan Sobieski) (near Lwów, 17 August 1629/1624 - Warsaw, 17 June 1696) – King of Poland as John III, Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674. He was the son of the Castellan of Krakow. He had a careful upbringing, completed his high school education in the Nowogrodski College of Krakow; later he studied philosophy at the Jagello University of Krakow. After his university studies he and his brother, Marek spent two years in Western Europe, having learned not just Latin but also French, German and Italian. Early in his career, he lived in peace with the Turks. The two brothers joined the army in 1649 and took part in the Battle of Zborów. Later John became part of a mission sent to Turkey. In Istanbul he familiarized himself with the Ottoman Empire and got to know the Tatar language. On his return, he participated as colonel in the Battle of Berestechk of 1651, and he fought in the Russian War in the Battle of Ochmatov in 1655. After serving at the court of the Swedish King Charles X, he fought with the Polish King John Kazimir II in the Battle of Warsaw in 1656. In the following year, in 1667 he defeated the Cossacks and Tatars in the Battle of Podhajcy and, in 1673 he won a glorious victory over the Turks in the Battle of Chocim. In 1674, Jan Sobieski was elected King of Poland. He reformed his army and fought a number of battles. He concluded an alliance with Austrian Emperor Leopold, and when the Ottoman Turks were besieging Vienna in 1683, Sobieski moved with his Polish army under the Austrian capital. On 12 September 1683, he fought a crushing victory over the Turks and thus freed Vienna. Subsequently, as he followed the retreating Turkish troops through Hungary, he won another victory over them at Párkány (now Sturovo, Slovakia) and freed Esztergom, finally returning with his whole army to Krakow in December. In 1684, Poland also joined the Holy League, together with Austria, Venice and the Papal State against the Turks. In this way, the war against the Turkish presence in Europe was continued and the Poles launched a number of further military operations against the Turks. Sobieski’s equestrian statue stands in Párkány (2008), a monument in Esztergom, and a street in Budapest are named after him. – B: 1031, 1068, T: 7456.→Esztergom. Social Union Party→Political Parties in Hungary. Solt, Gallows of – On 22 June 1919, the Red Army units of the Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic from Kiskunhalas arrived in Solt to suppress the counter-revolution between the Danube and Tisza Rivers. For two days, they terrorized the village and, by the time Tibor Szamuelli’ s notorious death train arrived on the 23rd, they had already executed 15 people. Then on his arrival, Szamuelli, the head of a security committee, with the right to pass death sentences on the spot had three of the organizers executed by hanging them on the trees in front of the village hall. – B: 1020, T: 7665.→Council (Soviet) Republic of Hungary; Szamuelli, Tibor. Soltész, Elemér (Elmer) (Ombod, now Ambud, Romania, 18 April 1874 - Budapest, 7 August 1957) – Minister of the Reformed Church, and army officer. In 1898 he obtained his pastoral qualifications from the Reformed Theological Academy of Debrecen, and studied Protestant Theology for a year on scholarship at the University of Paris. From 1899 until 1923 he was a pastor at Nagybánya (now Baia Mare, Transylvania, Romania) and deputy clerk in the Transtibiscan Church District. At Nagybánya, he edited the journal Preacher (Igehirdető) together with János (John) Révész from 1906 to 1919. He was Protestant Bishop of the Army (tábori püspök) in Budapest from 1923 till 1948. In the army he was Lieutenant-General. He published numerous articles in theological journals. His main work was Festived Days, vols. i-iv (Ünnepnapok I-IV), sermons (Nagybánya-Budapest); The Resurrection of Jesus… (Jézus feltámadása…) (1898), and The History of the Reformed Church in Nagybánya… (A nagybányai reformált egyház története… (1902). The University of Debrecen conferred a Doctorate of Divinity on him in 1929. He was made an honorary lecturer at the Reformed Theological College of Pápa. – B: 0883, 1224, T: 7456.→Borbás, Antal. Solti, Bertalan (Bartholomew) (Temesvár, now Timişoara, Romania, 15 March 1913 - Budapest, 8 April 1984) – Actor and theater director. As a child of actor parents, he first appeared on stage at age 15 in Miskolc, where he played for five years; later he joined various rural companies. First he played young lad roles, later buffo parts, and was a comic dancer. After World War II, he spent two seasons in Miskolc; later, between 1946 and 1949, he was a member of the Csokonai Theater (Csokonai Színház), Debrecen, where he was its director. He played at Eger, Békéscsaba, Győr and Szolnok, spent a short time at the Petőfi Theater (Petőfi Színház), Budapest, and continued his career in the Theater of Kaposvár. For ten years (1969-1979) he played again at the theater of Győr, where he was made the honorary freeman of the town. From 1979 to 1982 he was a member of the Attila József Theater (József Attila Színház), Budapest. During his forty-year acting career, Solti played more than one thousand roles. His idiomatically flavorful, pleasant speech and craftsmanship were coupled with excellent characterization ability. His simple style and natural demeanor asserted themselves in the dramatic roles. He also played in many films and TV-shows. His roles included Bánk bán, Tiborc, Biberach in J. Katona’s Bánk bán; Lucifer, Apostle Peter in I. Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája); Polonius, Actor-king in Shakespeare’s Hamlet; Edmund in Shakespeare’s Richard II; Scholar in M. Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde (Csongor és Tünde); Teiresias in Sophocles’ Antigone, and Kreon in Grillparzer’s Medea. He received the Kossuth Prize (1955), and the Merited Artist title (1966). – B: 1445, 1742, T: 7456. Solti, Sir Georg (György Stein) (Budapest, 21 October 1912 - Antibes, France, 5 Archbishop of Esztergom, Cardinal, Prince Primate of Hungary. September 1997) – Conductor. He studied piano and composition with Ernst von Dohnányi, Zoltán Kodály and Béla Bartók at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy in Budapest, giving his first concert at the age of twelve. He began working as an assistant at the Budapest Opera in 1930, and was Director of Music from 1934 to 1939. In the summers of 1936 and 1937 he was an assistant to Arturo Toscanini at the Salzburg Festival, an encounter that left a deep impression on him. After the outbreak of the Second World War he emigrated to Zurich, resuming his career as a pianist. He won first prize at the Geneva International Competition in 1942.  Solti’s career really began after the end of World War II. For almost twenty-five years, he concentrated entirely on conducting operas. He was Chief Music Director of the Munich Opera from 1947 to 1951, and of the Frankfurt Opera from 1952 to 1961. Covent Garden excelled during his tenure as musical director (1961-1971). In 1951 he conducted for the first time in Salzburg (Idomeneo by Mozart). At the end of the 1950s, he made his first recordings e.g. Der Ring des Nibelungen by R. Wagner with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1961 he was appointed Music Director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, but hardly ever worked in this position since the Orchestra's management had appointed Zubin Mehta as his assistant.
In 1969 Solti took over as director the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and his second career as a conductor of orchestral music began. He remained in this post until 1991. From 1972 to 1975 he was also Director of the Orchestre de Paris. In 1973 he was appointed Musical Adviser to the Paris Opera. From 1979 to 1983 he was Director of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1983 he conducted Der Ring des Nibelungen in Bayreuth. In 1992 he took over from Herbert von Karajan as artistic director of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. He excelled in the German and Austrian post-Romantic repertoire, as well as in contemporary Hungarian music; he also achieved a large number of first performances. He had been awarded an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1971. In 1978 he established a foundation in Vienna for the education of young Hungarian conductors. Solti was one of the most famous musicians and conductors, and the world’s leading musical director in the 20th century. He won numerous awards for his recordings worldwide. A Music School in Budapest and a Brass Ensemble bear his name. – B: 1030, 1852, T: 7617.→Bartók, Béla; Dohnányi, Ernő, Kodály, Zoltán. Soltis, Lajos (Louis) (Kavillo, Yugoslavia, 20 May 1950 - Siófok, 22 November 2000) – Actor and stage-manager. He completed the Academy of Dramatic Art under László (Ladislas) Vámos in 1972, and was engaged by the People’s Theater of Szabadka (Szabadkai Színház) (now Subotica, Serbia). During 1975 and 1976, and again from 1980 to 1989, he was a member of the Theater of Újvidék (Újvidéki Színház) (now Novi Sad, Serbia). In the intervening years (1976-1980) he worked for the Újvidék Rádio Group. For many years he stage-managed plays on Újvidék Television and in the Farmstead Theater (Tanya Színház) (he was one of its founders). From 1987 on, he was teaching theatrical art at Újvidék, and organized a number of lectures at the theater. He died in a road accident, aged 50. His acting roles included Andrej in Chekhov’s Three Sisters (Három nővér); Lopahin in Chekhov’s Cherry Orchard (Cseresznyéskert); Baal in B. Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children (Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder – Kurázsi mama); Sir Toby Belch in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night (Vízkereszt); Falstaff in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, and Tót in Örkény’s The Tót Family (Tóték). The Theater at Celldömölk and a Festival bear his name. – B: 1445, T: 7456.→Vámos, László. Sólyom, Jenő (Eugene) (Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca in Transylvania, Romania, 25 July 1904 - Budapest, 24 December 1976) – Lutheran theologian. He did his theological studies at the Lutheran Theological Academy, Budapest (the Lutheran Theological Academy had to be moved to Budapest as a result of the dismemberment of the historic Kingdom of Hungary in 1920), continued in Sopron, Basel, and finally in Erlangen, obtaining his Doctorate of Divinity in Sopron in 1933, with his dissertation: Luther and Hungary (Luther és Magyarország). He was a teacher of religion at the Lutheran (Evangelical) High School of Budapest (Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium), then Professor of Church History and Canon Law in the Lutheran Theological Academy in Sopron, where he was Dean in 1943-1944. He was Secretary of the Hungarian Lutheran Society and co-editor of the journal Christian Truth (Keresztyén Igazság). From 1950 he was a professor at the Lutheran Theological Academy, Budapest, but soon was forced to retire for political reasons. From 1959 he was an associate in the Lutheran National Archives, later on its head. His main works are: Hungarian Translations of the Augsburg Confession (Az Ágostai Hitvallás Magyar fordítása) (1930), and the History of Lutheran Church in Hungary (Az evangélikus templom története Magyarországon) (1944). He was the author of entries in several Encyclopedias abroad, and foundation member of the Theologischer Arbeitskreis für Reformationsgeschichtliche Forschung. – B: 1050, T: 7456. Sólyom, László (Ladislas) (Pécs, 3 January, 1942 - ) – President of Hungary from 2005 to 2010, lawyer and professor. He studied Law at and graduated from the University of Pécs in 1965. He worked as a professor at the Law School of the University of Budapest from 1983, at Péter Pázmány Roman Catholic University from 1996, and at the Andrássy Gyula German Language University from 2002. He also worked in Jena, Germany, for 3 years. His political career began as a legal advisor for civil and environmental organizations in the late 1980s. As a founder of the Danube Circle, he also had a significant role in environmental protection issues, like preventing the construction of the Nagymaros-dam which, according to the Danube Circle, would have damaged the habitat of a northern part of the Danube. He was one of the founders of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (Magyar Demokrata Fórum – MDF) in 1987, and represented that party at the Opposition Roundtable (Ellenzéki kerekasztal) negotiations that played an important part in Hungary's transition from dictatorship to parliamentary democracy in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, for a short time, he was a member of the executive committee of the MDF. However, he left party politics in late 1989, as was elected to the Constitutional Court of Hungary (Alkotmánybíróság – AB). László Solyom gained the presidency of the court half a year later, and held that position until 1998. During this time, the Constitutional Court played an important role in changing the Constitution into a democratic one and strengthening democracy in Hungary. In this role, he significantly contributed to the codification of some of the basic human rights in the country. He had a controversial principle of activism, based on the invisible constitution, motivating the decisions of the Court by the “spirit” or “morals” of the Constitution rather than its explicitly written form, advocating the principle of equal human dignity even over the letters of the constitution. After the end of his 9-year-long mandate, he continued his scholarly career, continued giving lectures at universities, and became the founder of the Protective Club (Védegylet), an environmentalist and civil rights non-governmental organization in 2000. He was elected President of the Republic of Hungary in 2005. – B: 1031, 7103, T: 1031, 7103.→Göncz, Árpád; Mádl, Gyula; Political Parties. 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