Republic of Kenya Integrated Pest Management Framework (ipmf) For Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agribusiness Project (kapap) and Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (kaccal) February 2009
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- Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
- ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PESTS
Description of KACCAL projectThe specific mandate attached to KACCAL is briefly presented below. Component 1: Climate information products, policy and advocacy This component will strengthen capacities among national institutions to better assess and respond to current and future climate risks. It will generate and disseminate climate related knowledge and strengthen institutional coordination among currently fragmented agencies managing disaster and climate risk. National stakeholders will be trained to further disseminate the knowledge that is generated to the County and community levels. Sub component 1.1 will involve development of climate-related knowledge products to inform climate-risk management. Sub-component 1.2 on the other hand will support integration of climate action into national ASAL development plans and programs. Component 2: Climate risk management at district /County level This component will promote the integration of a climate risk management perspective into district/County planning process and programs. Sub component 2.1 is about capacity building to integrate climate risk management into district/County planning process – strengthen the district level capacity on climate change. Sub component 2.2 is about support for climate-smart public and private investments. It will also support feasibility studies and preparation of public and private investments, including operation costs. Component 3: Community-driven initiatives for climate resilience This component will help communities to adopt climate change adaptation strategies and investments. It has two sub components 3.1 which supports community capacity building. This sub component will help build awareness and capacity at community level to assess climate risk and plan and invest for climate resilience while sub component 3.2 supports community-based micro-projects identified in the ‘climate-resilient CAPs. It supports grants to communities to implement micro-projects. Institutional and Implementation ArrangementsDue to the sub-division of the original KAPP districts, the District Service Units (DSUs) will be maintained and converted into Regional Service Units (RSUs; CACs; CCCs). The RSUs will service the original district mandate (and later County mandate). A regional programs steering committee will be formed and supported to coordinate the activities of the two projects and other sector programs at each region. The regional steering committee will also facilitate joint work programming and planning for all the districts covered under each region/County. The composition of the committee will include heads of department in government sector ministries, KENFAP, District farmer’s representative; Marginalized Groups Representatives and other stakeholders. Tbhe RSU coordinator will be the secretary and convener of steering committee. Two project organs are funded to carry out the following activities: (i) the KAPAP Secretariat (KS), to provide overall coordination of the program, while overseeing the Monitoring and Evaluation and Information and Communication functions; (ii) the KAPAP Steering Committee, to offer technical, financial, operational guidance and oversight to KAPAP/ KACCAL implementation and (iii) Regional Service Units (RSUs; CACs; CCCs) to coordinate and implement Agricultural extension, farmer and service providers empowerment; and Agribusiness and market development components. For the first two years will be implemented in the following 59 districts: Table 1: Districts covered by KAPAP and KACCAL
The 59 KAPAP districts cover the geographical area covered by the 20 districts where phase I (KAPP) was being implemented. The increase in number of districts is as a result of sub- division. The District coverage will be reviewed during mid-term evaluation. However, the geographical catchments of the agri-business and market development activities may naturally spill over beyond the focal district boundaries and some of them will have a national coverage. The project implementation structures include Secretariat (KS), Regional Service Units (RSUs; CACs; CCCS), Financing Models (FMs) (who paid the service providers in KAPP I and Value Chain Structures who are to pay Service Provider Consortia in this Phase of KAPAP and KACCAL ), the service providers, service provider fora, Farmer fora, Common interest groups (CIG) and Community Working Groups (CWGs). The KAPAP secretariat provide overall coordination at national level and a KAPAP Steering Committee with a national multi-stakeholder membership, has been advising and reviewing the project functions, and also facilitating access to technical resources needed to support the activities of the two projects. The RSUs, CACs and CCCs will be implementing KAPAP and KACCAL activities at County/district level. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PESTSCrop Pests2.1.1 Impact on ProductionEstimates of potential crop damage from pests in the absence of control have been made by measuring damage as a proportion of total feasible output. Generally, estimates of damage during outbreaks and plagues range from insignificant losses of the planted crop to 100 percent, depending on the year, region and pest species. Weeds are reported to generally cause up to 70% of yield losses on susceptible crops. However, in some areas such as the Lake Victoria Basin, Striga is the number one ranked weed causing severe damage to crops like maize, sugarcane and sorghum. Documented literature indicates that it causes between 42-100% yield losses. Other notorious weeds are grasses and broad leaved weeds that cause 30-70% yield loss. A major weed that may require noting although it does not affect crops is the water hyacinth which causes fish catch reduction ranging from 30-100% depending on the levels of infestation. A serious production impediment in many developing countries is the spread of introduced weed species such as the water hyacinth, which results in severe disruption of the socioeconomic activities of the local communities. Some studies may over-estimate the potential crop losses caused by pests. They rarely account for farmers' response to mitigate the effects of pests and are often based on calculations of optimal production conditions. In both ways, they may overstate the losses caused by the pests. Studies of pests have been carried out by focusing on estimated damage in the absence of control and comparing them with direct costs of control operations. Thus, these studies have the same drawbacks. In all likelihood, they give an incomplete picture of the true net benefits of pest control. There are numerous diseases of crops reported in Kenya that are causing havoc to crop production. Among the leading diseases are those caused by viruses and bacteria. Although the impacts are not well, the major diseases identified include: Mosaic virus causing up to 19 % loss on maize and sugarcane. Cassava mosaic virus seriously affected the crop causing significant losses in production. Experiments carried estimated losses of crop at 36%, although the impact seems to be declining in view of the control measures that have been undertaken by KARI through introduction of resistant cassava varieties. Sugarcane ratoon stunting disease which cause up to 19% yield loss in the basin. Coffee berry disease is a major disease which causes heavy crop losses which reach 90% with heavy infestation. Other diseases causing heavy losses include sugarcane smut and rice blast. 2.1.2 Impacts on food securityThe effect of pest damage on the food security has not been analysed in the past. However, where there are major damages there is significant losses in production and hence the food supply such as in maize. A case in point is that of the Cassava mosaic virus which razed the whole of the lake basin in Kenya extending to the Uganda side, thereby causing serious reduction in the crop supply. During severe attacks of these diseases the supply of the affected crops is inhibited hence causing shortages in the availability and hence high prices in the market Thus the consumers are exposed to high prices making the crop unaffordable. 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