Space Junk" by Tony Helies and "

Read two texts about space debris:

“Space Junk” by Tony Helies and “Space Waste” by Laura Modigliani

Write an essay that explains how space debris occurs and the problems it can cause. Be sure to use examples from both texts to support your explanation. Follow the conventions of standard written English.

The astronauts living and working in the International Space Station were worried. Two hundred and forty miles above Earth, the space station was on a collision course—with a runaway tool.

Three days before, on March 11, 2001, astronaut James Voss had dropped a large vise¹ while he was on a space walk. The vise had floated away. Now it was back, looming ahead. Mission Control ordered the astronauts to fire the rockets and move the space station to a higher orbit. The space station avoided a collision, but the vise is still up there, part of a large collection of space junk orbiting Earth.

Until 1957, the only thing orbiting Earth was the Moon. But on October 4 of that year, the Soviet Union launched a rocket that placed a satellite named Sputnik in orbit. That launch started a space race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Over the years, those two nations put more than 4,000 satellites into orbit. Today, many nations and private companies put satellites in space.

Satellites are used for communications, television transmission², research, and spying. But satellites don’t work forever. Of the roughly 2,500 satellites still in orbit, only a fraction are still working. The rest are space junk.

The rockets that launch these satellites become space junk, too. Many contain unused fuel, and after many years the stresses of space can cause them to explode. About six of these rockets explode every year, shattering into thousands of pieces and further cluttering space.

Dropped in Space

But not all of this orbiting debris³ is old satellites and rockets. Just as people litter down here on Earth, astronauts litter in space, too. It started with the first American space walk in 1965. Astronaut Edward White lost a glove, which went into orbit around Earth. The next year astronaut Michael Collins fumbled a camera, which also drifted off into space. In 1971, during a space walk by Apollo astronauts, a toothbrush and comb escaped through an open hatch. In 1984, a power screwdriver was dropped by James Van Hoften. It, too, joined the cosmic clutter.

There are now 4,000,000 pounds of man-made stuff zooming around Earth, including more than 100,000 objects bigger than a thumbtack. Some are working satellites, but the rest is junk. Dangerous junk.

Space junk travels fast. A piece of debris orbiting 240 miles above us travels about 17,000 miles per hour. At that speed, even a small object can cause a lot of damage.

Collisions in Space

Fortunately, there is a lot of space up there, but collisions do happen. In July 1996, an old rocket motor glanced off a satellite and damaged it. Another time, the Mir (Meer) space station was hit so hard by debris that the astronauts could see the dent from inside.

How can we keep space travelers and satellites safe? To protect our astronauts, the U.S. Space Command tracks 9,800 of the largest pieces of space junk. Whenever they discover debris on a collision course with a space station, a shuttle, or a satellite, they notify NASA and other space agencies. Then the astronauts or satellite can move out of the way.

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  1  In September, a six-ton satellite about the size of a bus fell toward Earth. It had been launched 

  
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  2  into space in 1991. The satellite broke into pieces as it passed through Earth’s atmosphere. Bits 

  
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  3  of it were found in western Canada. The good news is that no one got hurt when the pieces 

  
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  4  crashed to the ground. 

  
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  5  Space trash falling to Earth isn’t unusual. In fact, a piece of junk about as big as the satellite 

  
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  6  drops out of orbit about once a year. Smaller pieces fall far more often. 

  
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  7  And a lot more trash is still floating out in space. All of that spinning debris can be dangerous. 

  
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  8  Pieces of space junk can crash into expensive spacecraft or the International Space Station (ISS). 

  
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  9  That can cause major damage. Scientists are working to track and limit the growing cloud of 

  
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  10  junk above Earth. 

  
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  11  Objects in Orbit 

  
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  12  About 1,000 working satellites are up in space. Some are used by the military. Others help 

  
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  13  forecast the weather. Communications satellites beam TV, cell phone, and Internet signals down 

  
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  14  to Earth. When satellites become outdated or can no longer function, they become space junk. 

  
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  15  But the orbiting trash isn’t just old satellites. It also includes other human-made objects, from 

  
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  16  rocket parts to tools dropped by astronauts. . . . 

  
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  17  There are tens of millions of tiny pieces of trash swirling around Earth right now. More than 

  
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  18  22,000 of those objects are bigger than a baseball—and they move pretty fast. Space debris 

  
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  19  whizzes around at speeds of up to 18,000 miles per hour. 

  
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  20  The amount of space trash soared in 2007. That’s when China tested a new missile by blowing 

  
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  21  up an old weather satellite. The explosion created thousands of pieces of space junk. The trash 

  
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  22  heap got even bigger in 2009. A working U.S. satellite and a nonworking Russian satellite 

  
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  23  accidentally crashed into each other. Pieces from both were sent tumbling. 

  
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  24  Crash Course 

  
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  25  The ISS can get hit by tiny pieces of junk . . . and not suffer much damage. But it has to be 

  
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  26  moved to avoid collisions⁴ with pieces not much bigger than that. In April, NASA, the U.S. 

  
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  27  space agency, moved the ISS to dodge a piece of debris created by the 2009 collision. 

  
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  28  “Even a half-inch piece of debris would put a very large hole in the International Space Station,” 

  
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  29  says Nicholas Johnson. He’s the chief scientist at the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. 

  
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  30  Junk hangs around in space until it eventually burns up in Earth’s atmosphere or falls back to the 

  
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  31  planet. On average, one piece of debris reaches Earth each day. Most objects are very small and 

  
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  32  not a great threat to humans. 

  
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  33  “There is some risk,” Johnson says. “But for half a century, no one’s been hurt.” 

  
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  34  Tracking the Trash 

  
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  35  NASA works with the U.S. military to keep track of the larger space junk. They track this trash 

  
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  36  from the ground, using radar, powerful telescopes, and a special satellite. Scientists use the 

  
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  37  information they gather to figure out whether they need to move spacecraft or the ISS to avoid a 

  
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  38  collision. 

  
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  39  President Barack Obama has pledged to work with other countries to stop littering in space. He 

  
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  40  has assigned NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense to come up with ways to get rid of the 

  
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  41  space garbage. But their ideas are years away from reality. 

  
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  42  Meanwhile, as more collisions happen and as humans keep sending stuff into space, the junk 

  
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  43  cloud continues to grow. 

  
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  44  “We will have to take the next step to clean it up,” says Johnson. “It’s not going away on its 

  
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  45  own.”