Salix nigra / Clethra alnifolia / Nyssa aquatica Successional Forest (SL) (CEGL007411 SCS 380-15)

Black Willow / Coastal Sweet-pepperbush / Water Tupelo Successional Forest

Silver Maple Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance contains floodplain forests of major rivers in the eastern United States where Acer saccharinum is

generally dominant. Other tree associates include Platanus occidentalis, Celtis laevigata, Carya illinoinensis, Ulmus americana,

species include Lindera benzoin, Ilex decidua, Asimina triloba, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Alnus serrulata, and Forestiera

infrequently flooded bottomlands, on levees, and on deep silts on stabilized sites along larger rivers. They also may occur along

smaller rivers but are most common along bigger rivers where there is more scour and more silt deposition. This alliance is

common in the Interior Low Plateau and in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain particularly along the White and Arkansas rivers

north to the Ozarks, and then in the central Midwest to Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the East Coast to Maine. It is sparingly

distributed in the Piedmont and is known from the South Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is common in the Interior Low Plateau and in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain particularly along the

White and Arkansas rivers north to the Ozarks, and then in the central Midwest to Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the East Coast

to Maine. It is sparingly distributed in the Piedmont and is known from the South Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina. Pure

forests of Acer saccharinum occur along larger rivers throughout Kentucky, but primarily in the eastern portion of the state

(M. Evans pers. comm.). States of occurrence in the Southeast are Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi (?), Oklahoma (?), South

Carolina, and Tennessee (but not Louisiana); in the East are Connecticut, Maryland (?), Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire,

New York, Pennsylvania (?), Vermont, and Virginia; in the Midwest are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,

Ohio, and Wisconsin; and, in Canada, Ontario and probably Quebec.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 35:C, 36:C, 37:C, 38:C, 39:C, 40:?, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C, 45:C, 46:C, 47:C, 48:C, 49:C, 50:P, 57:C, 59:C,

61:C, 62:C

FEDERAL LANDS: COE (Arkansas River); NPS (Congaree Swamp, Shiloh); USFS (Ozark); USFWS (Holla Bend, Little River)

SYNONYMY: Portions of SAF type 62, Silver Maple - American Elm, and vegetation of the northern portions of SAF type 63,

Cottonwood, are contained within this alliance (Eyre 1980); also contained within this alliance are portions of Riverfront Forest

(Foti 1994), Bottomland hardwood forest (Evans 1991), R1B3cII5a. Acer saccharinum - Ulmus americana (Foti et al. 1994),

and possibly Acer saccharinum - Acer negundo forest association (Hoagland 1997). ^This vegetation has been described by a

number of authors, including an Acer saccharinum - Populus deltoides / Aster community, described from New Haven, Illinois

(Voigt and Mohlenbrock 1964), the southern wet forest of Wisconsin (Curtis 1959), and in Connecticut, forests of this alliance

have been classified as Populus - Acer saccharinum, Eupatorium - Acer saccharinum, Onoclea - Acer saccharinum, and

REFERENCES: Curtis 1959, Evans 1991, Evans pers. comm., Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994,

Fralish et al. 1991, Hoagland 1997
Acer saccharinum - Celtis laevigata - Carya illinoinensis Forest (DFL) (CEGL002431 MCS 380-15)

Silver Maple - Sugarberry - Pecan Forest

[Silver Maple - Sugarberry - Pecan Terrace Forest]
Acer saccharinum - Ulmus americana - (Populus deltoides) Forest (DFL) (CEGL002586 MCS 380-15)

Silver Maple - American Elm - (Eastern Cottonwood) Forest

[Silver Maple - Elm - (Cottonwood) Forest]
I.B.2.N.d.5 BETULA NIGRA - (PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (DJA ) (A.280

SCS SL)

River Birch - (Sycamore) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forests in this alliance occur on riverfronts in areas with repeated, frequent, natural disturbance in the form of

flooding. In addition to the codominants Betula nigra and Platanus occidentalis, a variety of canopy species occur in these

forests, including Acer negundo, Populus deltoides, Acer saccharinum, Salix nigra, Celtis laevigata, Quercus laurifolia,

Liriodendron tulipifera, and Liquidambar styraciflua. The shrub layer is often sparse with such species as Asimina triloba,

Lindera benzoin, Crataegus marshallii, and Crataegus viridis present. The herbaceous and vine components may be lush and

diverse, and species of these strata include Boehmeria cylindrica, Campsis radicans, Elymus hystrix, Stellaria pubera,

forests occur more frequently on sandy soils than on heavier soils and their most characteristic location is on levees. The soils

are deep and well-drained with low organic matter content and are most commonly of the Orders Inceptisol and Entisol. This is a

wide ranging alliance that occurs throughout most of the southeastern and midwestern United States.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: This vegetation occurs on soils with more silt than does vegetation in the related II.B.2.N.b.1 Platanus

occidentalis - (Betula nigra, Salix spp.) Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance (A.633). Stands of this alliance are relatively

distinct, based on the prevalence of Betula nigra and Platanus occidentalis.

COMMENTS: In the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma, these forests occur along larger streams and rivers,

especially those with a sandy substrate.

RANGE: This alliance is found in eastern Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Florida, Kentucky,

Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. It may

be found in Canada in southern Ontario (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:P, 32:P, 37:P, 39:C, 40:P, 41:C, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C, 45:C, 48:C, 49:C, 50:P, 52:C, 53:C, 55:C, 56:C,

57:C, 58:P, 59:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Fort Benning); NPS (Mammoth Cave, Shiloh); USFS (Angelina, Apalachicola?, Bankhead, Bienville,

Conecuh, Croatan?, Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett, Delta, De Soto, Francis Marion?, Holly Springs, Kisatchie, Oconee,

Osceola?, Ouachita, Ozark, Sabine, Sam Houston, St. Francis, Sumter, Talladega, Tombigbee, Tuskegee); USFWS (Little River)

SYNONYMY: IIA7b. River Birch - Sycamore Riverfront Forest (Allard 1990); Riverfront Forest, in part (Foti 1994); Riparian

Forest, in part (Evans 1991); Betula nigra - Platanus occidentalis / Alnus serrulata forest association (Hoagland 1997); no

equivalent (Diamond 1993); RB13cII4a. Betula nigra - Platanus occidentalis (Foti et al. 1994); River Birch - Sycamore: 61, in

part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Burns and Honkala 1990a, Campbell 1988, Campbell 1989, Evans 1991, Eyre 1980,

Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994, Fowells 1965, Gettman 1974, Hoagland 1997, Klimas et al. 1981, Wharton 1978, Wharton et al. 1982

River Birch - Sycamore Forest

[River Birch - Sycamore Forest]
I.B.2.N.d.13 PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS - (FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA, CELTIS LAEVIGATA, ACER SACCHARINUM)

TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (DJA, MOD. 94-07) (A.288 SCS SL)

Sycamore - (Green Ash, Sugarberry, Silver Maple) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forests in this alliance occur on the fronts, terraces, and levees of medium to large rivers of the Atlantic Coastal

Plain, Southern Ridge and Valley, Interior Low Plateau, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas Valley, East and West

Gulf Coastal Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, and lower Piedmont. These forests are dominated by Platanus

occidentalis, with a mixture of the other nominal species, as well as Acer negundo, Ulmus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua,

Ulmus alata, Planera aquatica, Juglans nigra, Celtis occidentalis, Carya illinoinensis, Quercus nigra, Salix nigra, Carya

cordiformis, Quercus pagoda, and Carya aquatica. Asimina triloba, Crataegus viridis, Crataegus spathulata, and Lindera

benzoin may be fairly dense in the understory. Herbaceous species that may be present include Elymus virginicus, Carex

grayi, Carex lupulina, Carex abscondita, Chasmanthium latifolium, Boehmeria cylindrica, Polygonum virginianum, Elymus

virginicus, Pilea pumila, Leersia lenticularis, and others. Vines may be abundant and species include Bignonia capreolata,

Toxicodendron radicans, and Smilax hispida. This alliance does not include typical alluvial forests of the upper Piedmont and

Blue Ridge, but forests in this alliance may occur in these areas in restricted calcareous situations. In Arkansas, these forests

occur during point bar succession as intermediates between forests dominated by Salix and Populus, and those dominated

by Carya illinoinensis (T. Foti pers. comm.). In Kentucky and Arkansas, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica,

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: The relationship between this alliance and the I.B.2.N.d.11 Fraxinus pennsylvanica - (Ulmus americana) - Celtis

(occidentalis, laevigata) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance (A.286) needs to be defined more clearly. It appears that this

alliance may be more northern in distribution and more often is located closer to the river and in areas of more active deposition,

but further research is needed. In Texas, where Acer saccharinum is absent, these forests occur on the Sabine and Neches

rivers. In Arkansas, forests in this alliance that are dominated by Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, and Carya

needed for succession to oaks (T. Foti pers. comm.).

RANGE: This alliance is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland (?), New York, Pennsylvania (?), Virginia, West Virginia,

Indiana, and possibly Ohio (?), but not in Florida.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 24:C, 29:C, 32:?, 38:P, 39:P, 40:P, 41:C, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C, 45:C, 49:C, 50:C, 51:C, 52:C, 53:C, 56:P,

57:C, 58:P, 59:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Arnold, Fort Benning?); NPS (Congaree Swamp, Great Smoky Mountains, Kennesaw Mountain,

Shiloh); USFS (Angelina, Bienville, Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett, De Soto, Delta?, Holly Springs?, Homochitto, Kisatchie,

Ozark, Pisgah?, Sabine, St. Francis?, Tombigbee?, Tuskegee)

SYNONYMY: IIA7g. Sycamore - Sweetgum - American Elm Riverfront Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Riparian forest, in part

(Evans 1991); Alluvial forest, in part (Evans 1991); Sycamore-Willow Series, in part (Diamond 1993); Sycamore - Sweetgum -