Pinus echinata / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland Woodland (DFL/SCS) (CEGL002402 MCS 460-10)

Shortleaf Pine / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland Woodland

[Shortleaf Pine / Little Bluestem Woodland]
Pinus echinata / Schizachyrium scoparium - Solidago ulmifolia - Monarda russeliana - Echinacea pallida Woodland

(DZ/KP 12-98) (CEGL007815 SCS 460-10)

Shortleaf Pine / Little Bluestem - Elmleaf Goldenrod - Red-purple Bee-balm - Pale Purple-coneflower Woodland

[Ouachita Shortleaf Pine Savannah]
II.C.3.N.a.8 PINUS (ECHINATA, TAEDA) - QUERCUS (ARKANSANA, INCANA, MARGARETTIAE) WOODLAND ALLIANCE (TF

96-11) (A.676 SCS MP)

(Shortleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine) - (Arkansas Oak, Bluejack Oak, Sand Post Oak) Alliance

CONCEPT: Xeric woodlands on very well-drained Pleistocene terraces and low, broad ridges on deep, acidic sandy soils. An

open canopy of Pinus echinata (sometimes with Pinus taeda) ranges generally from 15-40 percent cover. Some examples

are slightly more or less dense, but all occurrences are included in the woodland class. The stunted, scrubby Quercus spp.

and tall shrubs range from 2.5 to 5 m in height. This stratum is patchy and varies from approximately 30-60 percent in cover.

Due to xeric conditions, graminoids and forbs are very sparse in this community and patches of exposed sand are common.

Lichens (Cladonia spp.) and spike-moss (Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii) form large patches. This is a West Gulf Coastal

Plain alliance occurring in west-central Louisiana and rarely in eastern Texas, and possibly southeastern Oklahoma. It does not

occur in Arkansas as presently defined, according to Tom Foti.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: This alliance developed at West Gulf Coastal Plain Crosswalk session (11-96) to accommodate an association

which was formerly placed in the II.A.4.N.a.17 Pinus echinata Woodland Alliance (A.515); it belongs in a mixed alliance

according to Tom Foti.

RANGE: This alliance is found in Arkansas (?), Louisiana, Oklahoma (?), and Texas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 40:C, 41:C, 42:P

FEDERAL LANDS: USFS (Angelina?, Davy Crockett?, Kisatchie, Sabine?, Sam Houston?)

SYNONYMY: Bluejack Oak-Pine Series, in part (Diamond 1993); Shortleaf Pine - Oak: 76, in part (Eyre 1980); Loblolly Pine -

Shortleaf Pine: 80, in part (Eyre 1980); Loblolly Pine - Hardwood: 82, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Diamond 1993, Eyre 1980, Martin and Smith 1991, Martin and Smith 1993

Shortleaf Pine / Bluejack Oak / Riddell's Spikemoss Woodland

[West Gulf Coastal Plain Stream Terrace Shortleaf Pine Woodland]
II.C.3.N.a.11 PINUS ECHINATA - QUERCUS (ALBA, FALCATA, STELLATA, VELUTINA) WOODLAND ALLIANCE (DJA 94-07)

(A.679 SCS SL)

Shortleaf Pine - (White Oak, Southern Red Oak, Post Oak, Black Oak) Woodland Alliance

CONCEPT: Woodlands in this alliance are found on edaphically extreme sites, generally with a southern aspect. This alliance

includes fire-maintained shortleaf pine - oak woodlands found in northwestern Arkansas, as well as in the middle coastal plain. "Shield barrens" of sandstone areas in southwestern Virginia are also a component of this alliance. Natural as well as managed types are included here, in particular intensively managed shortleaf pine, maintained by winter burning, with a dense 2 m tall layer of saplings, thinned to woodland density, of Texas and possibly other states. The natural woodland condition is uncommon for vegetation dominated by shortleaf pine and oaks from the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. Some occurrences are known from Kentucky and other states east of the Mississippi, but their taxonomic status is unclear.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Compare to related I.C.3.N.a.14 Pinus echinata - Quercus (alba, falcata, stellata, velutina) Forest

Alliance (A.394).

COMMENTS: Additional work is needed to verify that associations with Quercus alba and Quercus falcata are in fact

woodlands in Texas.

RANGE: This alliance occurs in southern Missouri, Virginia, West Virginia (?), Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia (?), Kentucky (?),

Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 32:P, 38:C, 39:C, 40:C, 41:C, 42:P, 43:P, 44:?, 50:C, 52:C, 53:P, 56:P, 57:P

FEDERAL LANDS: USFS (Angelina, Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett, Kisatchie, Ouachita, Ozark, Sabine, Sam Houston)

SYNONYMY: Loblolly Pine-Oak Series, in part (Diamond 1993); T2B3aI1b. Pinus echinata - Quercus alba - Quercus falcata

(Foti et al. 1994); Shortleaf Pine - Oak: 76, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Diamond 1993, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994
Pinus echinata - Quercus alba - Quercus falcata Woodland (DZ/ASW 7-96) (CEGL004444 SCS 460-10)

Shortleaf Pine - White Oak - Southern Red Oak Woodland

Shortleaf Pine - White Oak / Little Bluestem Woodland

[Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry-mesic Woodland]
II.C.3.N.a.12 PINUS ECHINATA - QUERCUS STELLATA - QUERCUS MARILANDICA WOODLAND ALLIANCE (DJA 93) (A.680

SCS SL)

Shortleaf Pine - Post Oak - Blackjack Oak Woodland Alliance

CONCEPT: Woodlands with mixed evergreen and deciduous canopies where Pinus echinata, Quercus stellata, and Quercus

marilandica occur in varying ratios. These woodlands are related to the I.C.3.N.a.16 Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata -

Quercus marilandica Forest Alliance (A.396) and may occur on more edaphically or topographically extreme sites. They may

be successional following logging or other agriculture, or be silviculturally managed Pinus echinata forests with ingrowth of

thin soils, although some may be on upland flats with extreme soil conditions. Canopy associates include Pinus virginiana,

other species. The trees are often stunted. Subcanopy and shrub species include Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum var.

will have Baptisia tinctoria, Cassia fasciculata, Cassia nictitans, Ceanothus americanus, Chrysopsis mariana, Clitoria mariana,

occurrences on mafic rock include Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Fraxinus americana, Vaccinium arboreum, Viburnum

Ouachita Mountains, and Cumberlands and Southern Ridge and Valley.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: These woodlands are related to the I.C.3.N.a.16 Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus

marilandica Forest Alliance (A.396) and may occur on more edaphically or topographically extreme sites.

COMMENTS: Develop historic type for Louisiana and elsewhere. In Louisiana, this vegetation only occurs as Pinus echinata

stands with Quercus spp. coming in because of lack of fire. In South Carolina, this vegetation is known from the Blue

Ridge/Piedmont transition but is all but extirpated. According to Tom Foti, this alliance occurred in the Coastal Plain of Arkansas,

at least historically. Vegetation in this alliance is on the Roaring Branch RNA.

RANGE: This alliance is found in southern Missouri, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky (?), Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma,

South Carolina, Tennessee (?), and Texas (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 38:C, 39:C, 40:C, 42:P, 50:?, 51:C, 52:C

FEDERAL LANDS: USFS (Angelina?, Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett?, Ouachita, Ozark, Sabine?, Sam Houston?, Sumter,

Uwharrie)

SYNONYMY: IA6a. Dry Shortleaf Pine - Oak - Hickory Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Xeric Shortleaf Pine-Oak Woodland (Foti

1994); Dry Oak - Hickory Forest, Dry Pine variant (Schafale and Weakley 1990); T2B3aI1. Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata -

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994, Hoagland 1996, Schafale and Weakley

1990
Pinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium Woodland (DJA) (CEGL002393 SCS

Shortleaf Pine - Post Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem Woodland

[Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry Woodland]


AR-GAP T.2.B.3.a.II

Juniperus ashei - Quercus spp.

white cedar - mixed
II.A.4.N.a.3 JUNIPERUS ASHEI WOODLAND ALLIANCE (DJA 93) (A.501 SCS KP)

Ashe's Juniper Woodland Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance includes evergreen woodlands dominated by Juniperus ashei, occurring in the Ozarks of Arkansas

and Missouri, the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma, and in the Edwards Plateau of Texas. In Texas associated species include

evergreen oaks, Quercus fusiformis, Quercus pungens var. vaseyana, and deciduous oaks, Quercus sinuata var.

breviloba and Quercus buckleyi, as well as Berberis trifoliolata, Bouteloua curtipendula, Carex planostachys, Celtis

laevigata var. reticulata, Diospyros texana, Fraxinus texensis, Lespedeza texana, Nolina texana, Rhus toxicodendron, Rhus

virens, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Yucca rupicola. In the Ozarks, the canopy is dominated by Juniperus ashei,

although Juniperus virginiana may be present, and Quercus muehlenbergii and Fraxinus quadrangulata may form a minor

component. Woodlands in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma have a grassy understory dominated by Schizachyrium

scoparium. Woodlands in this alliance generally occur on calcareous substrates, with shallow, rocky soils, often with much

exposed bedrock and lichen coverage. These woodlands occur on dolomite, rimrock bluffs (Ozarks), and on slopes with shallow

soils over limestone (Edwards Plateau, Arbuckle Mountains). Fire and drought are thought to play an important role in maintaining

these woodlands.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Similar forests in the Edwards Plateau are currently classified in I.B.2.N.a.30 Quercus buckleyi

Woodland Alliance (A.242) and II.B.2.N.a.16 Quercus laceyi Woodland Alliance (A.616).

COMMENTS: Mixed evergreen/deciduous woodlands, with Juniperus ashei codominating with deciduous species, occur in the

Ozarks, and on chalk bluffs in the Coastal Plain of Arkansas, with Quercus sinuata. More information is needed to define a

mixed woodland alliance for these associations.

RANGE: This alliance is found in southern Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 29:C, 32:C, 38:C

FEDERAL LANDS: NPS (Chickasaw); USFS (Ozark)

SYNONYMY: Ashe's Juniper Woodland (Foti 1994); Juniperus ashei woodland alliance (Hoagland 1998); Ashe Juniper-Oak

Series (Diamond 1993); T2B3aII3a. Juniperus ashei (Foti et al. 1994); Ashe Juniper - Redberry (Pinchot) Juniper: 66, in part

(Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Amos and Gehlbach 1988, Diamond 1993, Diamond et al. 1995, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti

et al. 1994, Hoagland 1996, Hoagland 1997, Hoagland 1998a

Ashe's Juniper / American Smoketree / Bristleleaf Sedge - Missouri Coneflower Woodland

[Ozark Ashe Juniper Woodland]
Juniperus ashei Ozark Clifftop Woodland (KP 3-97) (CEGL004672 SCS 410-10)

Ashe's Juniper Ozark Clifftop Woodland

White Oak - Post Oak - Black Oak - (Southern Red Oak) Woodland Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance contains a variety of bedrock-influenced, fire-dependent, dry-mesic woodlands with shallow soils.

Abundant trees are Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus marilandica, Quercus stellata, Quercus velutina, Crataegus spp.,

and Pinus echinata. In western Arkansas, Quercus rubra may be a canopy dominant. Taller shrubs include Crataegus spp.,

Rhus aromatica, Vaccinium arboreum, and Vaccinium pallidum. Schizachyrium scoparium is a common herbaceous species.

Others that may be present include Andropogon gerardii, Helianthus microcephalus, Polygonella americana, Sorghastrum

found on gentle to steep hills, plains, and ridges. Soils are well- to very rapidly drained and very shallow to deep (10-100 cm).

Parent material is sand, chert, sandstone, or, rarely, igneous rock with areas of rock or residuum present at the surface.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: See related forest type. This is less xeric than the II.B.2.N.a25 Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica

Woodland Alliance (A.625) and is thus more fire-dependent to maintain a woodland physiognomy.

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Arkansas, Kentucky (?), Virginia, and Missouri.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 37:C, 38:C, 39:C, ÿÿ4µy!:C, 52:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Fort Chaffee, Fort Pickett); NPS (Buffalo?); USFS (Ouachita, Ozark); USFWS (Cossatot River)

SYNONYMY: White Oak - Black Oak - Northern Red Oak, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Eyre 1980, Fountain and Sweeney 1985, Nelson 1987, Smith et al. 1998
Quercus alba - Quercus falcata - Quercus stellata - Nyssa sylvatica - (Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda) / Chasmanthium

sessiliflorum Woodland (Simon/Zollner 5-98) (CEGL007776 SCS 390-10)

White Oak - Southern Red Oak - Post Oak - Blackgum - (Shortleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine) / Longleaf Spanglegrass Woodland

White Oak - Post Oak - Black Oak / Little Bluestem Woodland

[White Oak - Post Oak / Bluestem Woodland]
II.B.2.N.a.15 QUERCUS INCANA - (QUERCUS ARKANSANA) WOODLAND ALLIANCE (MP/TF 96-11) (A.615 SCS SL)

Bluejack Oak - (Arkansas Oak) Woodland Alliance

CONCEPT: Deciduous woodlands dominated by Quercus incana often with Quercus arkansana, on ridges of deep, sandy

soil in eastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, northwestern Louisiana, and southwestern Arkansas. Associations of this alliance

may also contain oaks such as Quercus margarettiae, as well as limited amounts of Pinus echinata. Two associations, both

rare, have been fully described. These are open, xeric woodlands with a sparse canopy of the nominal species over open areas

dominated by grass, bare sand, or Selaginella arenicola spp. riddellii. Shrubs occur in dense patches and may include Carya

texana, Frangula caroliniana, Rhus aromatica, Sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. lanuginosum, Chionanthus virginicus, Vaccinium

stamineum, Vaccinium arboreum, and Sassafras albidum. Herbaceous species may include Schizachyrium scoparium,

Opuntia sp., Clematis sp., Delphinium sp., Asclepias spp., Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii, Penstemon murrayanus, and

Oenothera heterophylla. These associations occur in the Middle West Gulf Coastal Plain. Another association occurs in Texas.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Also see II.C.2.N.a.2 Quercus hemisphaerica - Quercus margarettiae - Quercus incana Woodland

Alliance (A.664) for mixed evergreen-deciduous woodlands which may contain Quercus incana mixed with other oak species.

COMMENTS: According to Tom Foti (pers. comm.), Quercus arkansana rarely, if ever, occurs without Quercus incana.

Occurrence in Texas is questionable because Quercus incana almost never occurs in pure stands (P. Harcombe pers.

comm.).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 40:C, 42:P

FEDERAL LANDS:

SYNONYMY: Sandhill Woodland (Foti 1994); T2B4aI2a. Quercus arkansana - Quercus incana (Foti et al. 1994); Quercus

REFERENCES: Diamond 1993, Foti et al. 1994, Foti pers. comm., Harcombe pers. comm., Hoagland 1997

Arkansas Oak - Bluejack Oak / Riddell's Spikemoss Woodland

Bluejack Oak / Riddell's Spikemoss Woodland

Chinquapin Oak Woodland Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance contains woodland communities in which Quercus muehlenbergii is a characteristic, and sometimes

dominant, tree. Communities of this alliance are usually restricted to shallow soils derived from calcareous bedrock on gently

rolling terrain or on slopes. The moisture regime of these communities is generally dry to well-drained. The canopy is often

sparse, with widely spaced trees, although the physiognomy is variable. These woodlands often occur in association with "glade" vegetation. Associated canopy species include Celtis tenuifolia, Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Carya ovata, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Ostrya virginiana, and Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana. Shrubs are sparse, the understory characterized by light-demanding herbs such as Bouteloua curtipendula, Asclepias verticillata, Schizachyrium scoparium, Helianthus divaricatus, Sorghastrum nutans, Eryngium yuccifolium, Carex meadii, Anemone cylindrica, Desmodium spp., and Andropogon gerardii. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas examples contain Cercis canadensis as an associate in the subcanopy. In addition, Kentucky (and Tennessee) examples would probably have Acer saccharum, Quercus stellata, and Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana on shallow, dry, calcareous soils. There are several other associations in the Northeast and Midwest. Primarily on limestone in the Ozarks and the sedimentary rock provinces of the Appalachians.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Related vegetation of shell-rich substrates of the Coastal Plains will be found in the I.B.2.N.a.101

Quercus muehlenbergii - (Acer saccharum) Forest Alliance (A.1912).

COMMENTS: This type occurs (without Quercus macrocarpa) on the Knobstone escarpment (Knobs region) within the Daniel

Boone National Forest. According to Julian Campbell (pers. comm.), vegetation representing this alliance may occur with

Quercus stellata in the inner Bluegrass "Palisades" region of Kentucky.

RANGE: This alliance is found in Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan (?), Missouri, Wisconsin, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia (?),

Kentucky, Louisiana (?), Mississippi, Oklahoma (?), Tennessee, Maryland, Texas, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 32:P, 36:C, 37:C, 38:C, 39:?, 40:C, 44:C, 46:C, 48:C, 49:?, 50:C, 52:?, 59:C

FEDERAL LANDS: COE (Lake Millwood); NPS (Buffalo); TVA (Columbia?); USFS (Daniel Boone, Ozark)

SYNONYMY: Xeric calcareous forest, in part (Evans 1991); no equivalent (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Bartgis 1993, Campbell pers. comm., Evans 1991, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996
Quercus muehlenbergii - Fraxinus (quadrangulata, americana) / Schizachyrium scoparium Woodland (Nelson, P./DFL)

(CEGL002143 MCS 480-10)

Chinquapin Oak - (Blue Ash, White Ash) / Little Bluestem Woodland

[Chinquapin Oak - Ash / Little Bluestem Woodland]

II.B.2.N.a.25 QUERCUS STELLATA - QUERCUS MARILANDICA WOODLAND ALLIANCE (DJA ) (A.625 SCS SL)

Post Oak - Blackjack Oak Woodland Alliance

CONCEPT: These post oak - blackjack oak barrens are more edaphically extreme or frequently burned than the corresponding

I.B.2.N.a.25 Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica Forest Alliance (A.253), which is currently more common due to fire

suppression. These communities are physiognomically variable, locally varying from deciduous to mixed, often having

substantial Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, especially as a result of fire suppression. Some examples occur on 2:1

montmorillonitic clays, while others are on limestone-derived soils. Canopy and subcanopy associates, in addition to Quercus

stellata and Quercus marilandica, may include Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Pinus echinata, Pinus virginiana, Carya

texana, Carya glabra, Cornus florida, Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus prinus, Quercus velutina, Diospyros virginiana,

Chionanthus virginicus, and Vaccinium arboreum. In associations on mafic substrates, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis,

Ulmus alata, Fraxinus americana, and Cercis canadensis are common. Acer rubrum and Liquidambar styraciflua

increase with disturbance. Shrubs may be sparse to dense, and species present include Viburnum rafinesquianum, Ilex

containing many prairie species such as Silphium terebinthinaceum, Solidago nemoralis, Coreopsis major, Liatris aspera,

contain Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and/or Sorghastrum nutans. Pines are absent; instead, Juniperus

lead to dense undergrowth of Juniperus. In Louisiana and Texas, this alliance results mostly from pine removal and fire

suppression, and examples only marginally fit this concept. This alliance occurs on xeric sites in northwestern Arkansas and

may include some of Arkansas's glade/outcrop complexes and prairie communities, as well as ridgetop savanna / glade

communities. This alliance is widespread throughout the southeastern and lower midwestern United States and occurs in the

following regions: Ozarks, Interior Low Plateau, Boston Mountains, Southern Piedmont, Arkansas Valley, Ouachita Mountains,

Atlantic Coastal Plain, Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain (Black Belt), Crowley's Ridge, and the Prairie Parkland.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Related forests should be sought in I.B.2.N.a.41 Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica Forest

Alliance (A.253) or I.C.3.N.a.3 Juniperus virginiana - Quercus (stellata, velutina, marilandica) Forest Alliance (A.383). The

geographic and taxonomic relationship between these alliances needs to be clarified. Some associations formerly placed in the

alliance (A.674).

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky (?),

Louisiana (?), Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 28:C, 29:C, 32:C, 33:C, 37:C, 38:C, 39:C, 40:C, 41:C, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C, 50:P, 52:C, 53:C, 56:P, 57:P,

62:C

FEDERAL LANDS: COE (J. Percy Priest?, Lake Millwood); DOD (Arnold, Fort Benning, Fort Chaffee); NPS (Buffalo,

Ozark, Sabine?, Sam Houston?, Sumter, Talladega?, Tombigbee, Tuskegee, Uwharrie)

SYNONYMY: IA6c Dry Post Oak-Blackjack Oak Forest, in part (Allard 1990, Pyne 1994); Juniper-Hardwood Woodland (Foti

1994); Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica woodland series (Hoagland 1997); Quercus marilandica woodland series

(Hoagland 1997); Post Oak-Blackjack Oak Series, in part (Diamond 1993); T2A2bI. Juniperus virginiana - Quercus spp. (Foti et al 1994); T2B4aI1b. Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica - Carya texana (Foti et al. 1994); Post Oak - Blackjack Oak: 40, in part (Eyre 1980); Eastern Redcedar: 46, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Burns and Honkala 1990b, Diamond 1993, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al.

1994, Hoagland 1996, Hoagland 1997, Nelson 1986, Schafale and Weakley 1990