Crosswalk of ar-gap mapped Vegetation Types to the U. S. National Vegetation Classification

Sugarberry Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Dune thickets, to six meters tall, salt-pruned, with variable admixture of other species of shrubs and dwarfed trees.

These forests resemble dwarf forests or shrublands in some cases. Associations in this alliance are dominated by Celtis

dune sands with no profile development.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Louisiana and possibly Texas (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 30:P, 31:C, 41:P

FEDERAL LANDS:

SYNONYMY: No equivalent (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES:
I.B.2.N.d.7 CARYA ILLINOINENSIS - (CELTIS LAEVIGATA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (DD/BH 11-94,

MOD. SL 96-11) (A.282 SCS SL)

Pecan - (Sugarberry) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: These are big river floodplain forests dominated by the nominal species. Other characteristic species include

Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Ulmus crassifolia, Quercus macrocarpa, Ulmus americana, Quercus fusiformis, Juglans nigra,

Fraxinus spp., Quercus buckleyi, and Acer negundo. Best development of forests in this alliance occurs where soils are

heavy-textured and calcareous (see Diamond 1993). This alliance occurs in the West Gulf Coastal Plain, South Texas Plains,

Edwards Plateau, and Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. There is increasing mortality in the two nominal species in the lower

Mississippi River floodplain due to altered flooding regimes (K. Ribbeck pers. comm.).

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: In Oklahoma, these forest occur in the eastern and central parts of the state in riparian corridors. They occur on

the Mississippi River batture and formerly were dominant in the Red River bottoms. These forests occur on all the big river

floodplains in Arkansas, especially on the Mississippi and White rivers.

RANGE: This alliance occurs in eastern Kansas, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 29:C, 30:P, 31:P, 32:P, 33:P, 36:C, 37:P, 39:C, 40:C, 41:P, 42:C, 56:C

FEDERAL LANDS:

SYNONYMY: IIA6g. Pecan - Sugarberry Forest (Allard 1990); Celtis laevigata - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Carya illinoensis

(Foti et al. 1994); Carya illinoensis - Celtis laevigata forest association (Hoagland 1997); Pecan-Sugarberry Series (Diamond

1993); no equivalent (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Diamond 1993, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994, Hoagland 1996, Hoagland 1997,

Ribbeck pers. comm.

Pecan - Sugarberry Forest

[Pecan - Sugarberry Forest]
I.B.2.N.d.8 CELTIS LAEVIGATA - ULMUS CRASSIFOLIA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (ASW/LMS 4-95,

MOD. ASW 96-06) (A.283 SCS SL)

Sugarberry - Cedar Elm Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: These forests occur on flats with base-rich soils along small streams in the West Gulf Coastal Plain, extending

upstream into several additional physiographic provinces along floodplains of major rivers. Canopy and subcanopy species

include Ulmus crassifolia, Celtis laevigata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii, Carya myristiciformis,

Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus nigra, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Crataegus spp., and Ulmus rubra. Oaks

may be present as scattered individuals, but are never common.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: These forests occur on the White, Red, Mississippi, and Arkansas river floodplains. The associations need

additional work -- several currently recognized may be in part overlapping in concept.

RANGE: This alliance is found in Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas, and in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 29:C, 30:C, 31:C, 32:C, 40:C, 41:C, 42:P

FEDERAL LANDS: USFWS (Lower Rio Grande Valley, Santa Ana)

SYNONYMY: No equivalent (Allard 1990); Sugarberry-Elm Series, in part (Diamond 1993); no equivalent (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Diamond 1993

Green Ash - Cedar Elm - Sugarberry Forest

Green Ash - American Elm - (Northern Hackberry, Sugarberry) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forests of this alliance occur on base-rich alluvial sites in floodplains of large and small, generally alluvial or

brownwater rivers, on low ridges, flats, and sloughs of first bottoms; and terrace flats and sloughs. Species composition differs

somewhat with geography and topographic position. Dominant species in these forests are some combination of Celtis

laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Ulmus americana. Characteristic canopy and subcanopy species

include Carya aquatica, Quercus texana, Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra, Quercus lyrata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus

dominated by Celtis spp. Celtis laevigata is common in the southern portion of the alliance's range, while Celtis occidentalis

is more common in the north. This is a very widely distributed alliance that occurs in suitable habitat from the Prairie Parkland

of North Dakota, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba to the coastal plain of Florida. It occurs on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and

Piedmont as far north as Virginia, and is common as well in the Interior Low Plateau. In the leveed Mississippi River Alluvial

Plain, this alliance was found to succeed from Black Willow Riverfront Forest away from the levee, from Sycamore - Sweetgum

- American Elm Bottomland Forest following repeated disturbance, and from Sweetgum - Mixed Bottomland Oak Forest following repeated selective harvests.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: This alliance can be similar to the II.B.2.N.a.29 Fraxinus pennsylvanica - (Ulmus americana)

Woodland Alliance (A.629) and the I.B.2.N.d.15 Populus deltoides Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance (A.290). The former

tends to occur along smaller streams and has a more open canopy. Most stands of the latter alliance are easily distinguishable

from this alliance; however, the two are often successionally related and stands that are intermediate between this alliance and

the Populus deltoides Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance are difficult to classify. This alliance is closely related to the upland

I.B.2.N.a.47 Fraxinus pennsylvanica - (Ulmus americana) Forest Alliance (A.259) where their ranges overlap in the Great

Plains. Acer negundo and Celtis spp. are more abundant in this alliance, but further work needs to be done to better define

differential species.

COMMENTS: In the Midwest, this alliance is typically found between a wetter or earlier successional forest on the river side and upland forest or prairie communities on the landward side (Weaver 1960). An Arkansas type is described as occurring in "poorly drained bottomlands" (Foti et al. 1994). This alliance may exist as seasonally flooded vegetation in the Arkansas River Valley. There is a gravel streambank association in the Uwharrie National Forest, North Carolina, with Alnus serrulata and Plantago cordata-dominated by Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Sugarberry - American Elm - Green Ash Bottomland Forest was found to be the second most common bottomland type in the Gulf Coastal Plain; Klimas (1988) found this type to be the most common in the leveed Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, comprising 23.1 percent of the area.

RANGE: This alliance is found in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin,

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida (?), Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,

Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia; and in Canada in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:P, 32:C, 33:C, 34:C, 35:C, 36:C, 37:C, 38:C, 39:C, 40:C, 41:C, 42:C, 43:P, 44:C, 45:C, 46:C, 47:C,

48:C, 49:C, 50:C, 52:P, 53:C, 56:P, 57:C, 58:P

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Fort Benning); NPS (Chickasaw, Congaree Swamp, Shiloh?, Theodore Roosevelt); USFS (Angelina,

Apalachicola?, Bienville, Davy Crockett, Delta, Kisatchie, Oconee, Ouachita, Sabine, Sam Houston, St. Francis, Tombigbee?,

Tuskegee, Uwharrie); USFWS (Hatchie?, Little River, Reelfoot?)

SYNONYMY: In the Midwest this alliance includes SAF type 93, Sugarberry - American Elm - Green Ash, and the parts of type

62, Silver Maple - American Elm, that have significant Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Eyre 1980). Vankat's Ulmus -Fraxinus

wetland forest (No. 25) appears to describe both this alliance and the Fraxinus nigra - Acer rubrum Saturated Forest Alliance

(Vankat 1990). In the Southeast this alliance includes: IIA6d. Sugarberry - American Elm - Green Ash Bottomland Forest (Allard

1990); Sugarberry - Elm - Ash (Foti 1994); Bottomland hardwood forest, in part (Evans 1991); Bottomland Hardwood Forest, in

part (Smith 1996a); Coastal Plain Levee Forest, Brownwater Subtype (Schafale and Weakley 1990); Ulmus americana - Celtis

1996); Sugarberry-Elm Series, in part (Diamond 1993); P1B3cIV9a. Celtis laevigata - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Burgess et al. 1973, Bush and Van Auken 1983, Diamond 1993, Evans 1991, Eyre 1980,

Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994, Hoagland 1996, Hoagland 1997, Jackson and Thomas 1983, Klimas 1988,

McWilliams and Rosson 1990, Rice and Peet 1997, Schafale and Weakley 1990, Smith and Craig 1990, Thieret 1971, Vankat

1990, Weaver 1960, Wharton et al. 1982, Whipple et al. 1981
Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana - Celtis laevigata / Ilex decidua Forest (JEM, mod. SKR/RKP 6-97)

(CEGL002427 SCS 380-15)

Green Ash - American Elm - Sugarberry / Possum-haw Forest

[Southern Green Ash - Elm - Sugarberry Forest]


AR-GAP P.1.B.3.c.V

Quercus nuttallii (texana) - Quercus spp. - Fraxinus spp.

nutall oak - mixed oaks - mixed ash
I.B.2.N.d.20 QUERCUS TEXANA - CELTIS LAEVIGATA - ULMUS (AMERICANA, CRASSIFOLIA) - (GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS)

TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (KR/TF 96-11) (A.295 SCS SL)

Nuttall Oak - Sugarberry - (American Elm, Cedar Elm) - (Honey-locust) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forests of large bottomlands. Associated species include Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Liquidambar styraciflua.

These forests are slightly higher than those dominated by Quercus lyrata and Quercus texana.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: This alliance needs further investigation to determine whether the vegetation described is at the alliance level, or

could be accommodated more suitably as associations.

RANGE: This alliance is found in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:P, 38:P, 40:P, 41:P, 42:C

FEDERAL LANDS:

SYNONYMY: Sugarberry - American Elm - Green Ash: 65, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Eyre 1980, Martin and Smith 1991

Nuttall Oak - Sugarberry - (American Elm, Cedar Elm) - (Honey-locust) Temporarily Flooded Forest

Nuttall Oak - (Overcup Oak) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Bottomland forests of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain and West Gulf Coastal Plain dominated by Quercus

texana and, often, Quercus lyrata. Associated woody species include Sassafras albidum, Taxodium distichum, Liquidambar

styraciflua, Fraxinus profunda, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Forestiera acuminata, Carya aquatica, and

Gleditsia aquatica. Vines are common in these forests and species include Campsis radicans, Toxicodendron radicans,

Ampelopsis arborea, Ampelopsis cordata, Berchemia scandens, and others. Among the herbaceous species that may be

present are Aster lateriflorus, Justicia ovata, Laportea canadensis, and Leersia virginica.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: This alliance is conceptually close to the I.B.2.N.e.13 Quercus lyrata - (Carya aquatica) Seasonally

Flooded Forest Alliance (A.328) but has a narrower geographic range and occurs in slightly drier situations.

COMMENTS: Quercus texana is the biggest component in the transitional zone between Quercus lyrata - Carya aquatica

forests and Quercus phellos - Ulmus crassifolia forests (T. Foti pers. comm.). Campbell (pers. comm.) and Zollner (pers.

comm.) describe Quercus texana forests in southwestern Arkansas (Pond Creek Bottoms) associated with relatively

nutrient-rich, fine-textured slackwater alluvium and occurring in a transitional position between Fraxinus - Ulmus - Celtis or

RANGE: This alliance is found in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi (?), and Texas (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 40:P, 41:C, 42:C, 53:C

FEDERAL LANDS: USFS (Kisatchie)

SYNONYMY: IIA5a. Overcup Oak - Water Hickory Bottomland Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Overcup Oak - Water Hickory

Bottomland Forest, in part (Oberholster 1993); Bottomland Hardwood Forest, Overcup Oak - Water Oak variant (Smith 1996a);

Clay - Clay Loam Flat Hardwood Bottom Forest, in part ? (Wieland 1994b); P1B3cV. Quercus nuttallii (Foti et al. 1994);

Overcup Oak - Water Hickory: 96, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Campbell pers. comm., Eyre 1980, Foti et al. 1994, Foti pers. comm., Klimas 1988, Martin and

Smith 1991, Zollner pers. comm.

Nuttall Oak - Overcup Oak / Trumpetvine Forest

Willow Oak - Cedar Elm Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forests of large bottomlands dominated by the nominal species. These forests occur on flat ridges, and grade up

from forests dominated by Quercus lyrata and Carya aquatica. Characteristic canopy species include Pinus taeda,

loams.

COMMENTS: More work is needed to evaluate this alliance and to determine whether the variation really is at the alliance level,

or whether the associations should be put into the I.B.2.N.d.17 Quercus (phellos, nigra, laurifolia) Temporarily Flooded Forest

Alliance -(A.292).

RANGE: This alliance is found in Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma (?), and Texas (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:P, 40:C, 41:P, 42:P

FEDERAL LANDS: USFS (Kisatchie, Ouachita); USFWS (Cossatot River, D'Arbonne, Tensas, Upper Ouachita)

SYNONYMY: Sweetgum - Willow Oak, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Eyre 1980
Quercus phellos / Vaccinium virgatum / Chasmanthium laxum - Carex flaccosperma Forest (JC/DZ/ASW 12-95)

(CEGL007371 SCS 380-10)

Willow Oak / Swamp Blueberry / Slender Spikegrass - Thin-fruit Sedge Forest

Willow Oak Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forests in this alliance have seasonally flooded hydrology and are dominated by Quercus phellos. Other canopy

species that frequently occur in these forests are Quercus lyrata, Quercus nigra, Quercus similis (within its range), Quercus

in the northern extension of its range, Celtis laevigata and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. The subcanopy and shrub layers are

poorly developed. Common species of these strata are Acer rubrum, Ilex decidua, Fraxinus caroliniana, Salix nigra, and

Viburnum nudum var. nudum. Characteristic herbs of these forests are Carex joorii, Carex striata, Carex intumescens,

Juncus coriaceus, Trachelospermum difforme, Cinna arundinacea, Carex barrattii, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Rhynchospora

glomerata, and Osmunda cinnamomea. Sphagnum spp. often are common, especially Sphagnum lescurii. This alliance

occurs primarily in upland depressions and has longer hydroperiods than Quercus phellos-dominated communities in

floodplains, but some of the depressions in which it occurs are in floodplains and old meander scars. These forests are

distributed from the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas and Texas, through the Gulf Coastal Plain, and north in the Atlantic

Coastal Plain and Piedmont to Virginia. They also occur in the Interior Low Plateau of Tennessee and Kentucky and the

Mississippi River Alluvial Plain north to southern Illinois.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: The I.B.2.N.e.14 Quercus palustris - (Quercus bicolor) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.329) and

the I.B.2.N.e.13 Quercus lyrata - (Carya aquatica) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.328) can have similar floristic and

environmental characteristics, but dominance by Quercus phellos is indicative of this alliance.

COMMENTS: Consider splitting this alliance (T. Foti pers. comm.).

RANGE: This alliance is found in southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 38:C, 39:?, 40:C, 41:C, 42:C, 43:?, 44:C, 50:?, 52:C, 53:C, 56:P, 57:C, 58:C, 62:P

FEDERAL LANDS: COE (Bodcau); DOD (Arnold, Barksdale, Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant); NPS

(Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Congaree Swamp, Shiloh?); USFS (Angelina, Bankhead?, Bienville?, Davy Crockett, Delta?, De

Soto?, Holly Springs?, Homochitto?, Kisatchie, Ouachita, Sabine?, Sam Houston?, St. Francis?, Tombigbee?, Tuskegee?,

Uwharrie); USFWS (Little River)

SYNONYMY: IIA10d. Upland Depression Swamp, in part (Allard 1990); Willow Oak Forest (Foti 1994); Sagpond Forest

(Ambrose 1990); Xerohydric flatwoods, in part (Evans 1991); Depression swamp?, in part (Evans 1991); Nonriverine Willow Oak Flatwoods (Smith 1996a); Upland Depression Swamp Forest (Schafale and Weakley 1990); P1B3cVII. Quercus phellos (Foti et al. 1994); Flatwood Depression Forest (Smith 1996b); Willow Oak - Water Oak - Diamondleaf (Laurel) Oak: 88, in part (Eyre

1980). This alliance is very similar to SAF type 93, Sweetgum - Willow Oak as it occurs in Illinois and Missouri (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Evans 1991, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994, Foti pers. comm., Klimas

1988, Nelson 1985, Schafale and Weakley 1990, Smith 1996b, Voigt and Mohlenbrock 1964, Wharton et al. 1982, White and

Madany 1978
Quercus phellos - (Quercus lyrata) / Carex spp. - Leersia spp. Flatwoods Forest (DF-L 1-96) (CEGL002102 SCS 310-10)

Willow Oak - (Overcup Oak) / Sedge species - Cutgrass species Flatwoods Forest

[Willow Oak Bottomland Forest]


AR-GAP P.1.B.3.c.VIII

Liquidambar styraciflua

sweetgum
I.B.2.N.d.12 LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA - (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA, ACER RUBRUM) TEMPORARILY FLOODED

FOREST ALLIANCE (DJA 94-07) (A.287 SCS SL)

Sweetgum - (Tuliptree, Red Maple) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance includes a variety of bottomland communities of moderately wet floodplains of the lower Piedmont,

Interior Low Plateau, and coastal plain dominated by Liquidambar styraciflua with or without some combination of

substrate, but may include Acer barbatum, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Aesculus sylvatica, Quercus nigra, Carya cordiformis,

species include Euonymus americana, Lindera benzoin var. benzoin, Corylus americana, Viburnum acerifolium, Viburnum

among others. Vines are prominent and species include Vitis rotundifolia, Apios americana, Campsis radicans, Aristolochia

development. Common species in this layer include Thalictrum thalictroides, Trillium cuneatum, Arisaema triphyllum ssp.

relatively acid. The exotics Microstegium vimineum, Ligustrum sinense, and Lonicera japonica may be common in

examples of this alliance. This alliance is fairly common in the lower Piedmont of Georgia (J. Ambrose pers. comm.), as well as

on small stream floodplains and bottoms in all of the Interior Low Plateau of Kentucky (except the Bluegrass region) where it is

somewhat successional (L. McKinney pers. comm.). Liriodendron tulipifera is dominant on disturbed areas of Kentucky and is

common on well-drained floodplains of Kentucky without Liquidambar styraciflua. Conversely, Liriodendron tulipifera is

absent in Ouachita - Ozark examples.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: This alliance is related to the I.C.3.N.b.5 Pinus taeda - Liriodendron tulipifera Temporarily Flooded

Forest Alliance (A.434) and to the I.C.3.N.b.4 Pinus taeda - Liquidambar styraciflua - Nyssa biflora Temporarily Flooded

Alliance (A.433).

COMMENTS: Need association that is one version of a small stream swamp forest with the nominals (J. Ambrose pers.

comm.).

Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Tennessee, Virginia, but not in Texas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 38:C, 39:C, 43:C, 44:C, 50:C, 52:C, 53:?, 56:C, 57:P, 58:P

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Arnold, Fort Benning?, Fort Gordon); DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Kennesaw Mountain, Kings

Mountain, Mammoth Cave, Shiloh?); USFS (Bankhead, Bienville, Croatan?, Daniel Boone, Delta, De Soto, Francis Marion?,

Holly Springs, Homochitto, Oconee?, Ouachita, Ozark, Sumter, Talladega, Tombigbee, Tuskegee, Uwharrie)

SYNONYMY: Lowland Oak-Sweetgum Forest, in part (Foti 1994); Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest, in part (Schafale and

Weakley 1990); no equivalent (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Ambrose pers. comm., Foti 1994, Jones et al. 1981b, McKinney pers. comm., Schafale and Weakley 1990