I.B.2.N.d.16 QUERCUS (MICHAUXII, PAGODA, SHUMARDII) - LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA TEMPORARILY FLOODED

(Swamp Chestnut Oak, Cherrybark Oak, Shumard Oak) - Sweetgum Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, and Quercus shumardii are generally the dominant oaks; Quercus

phellos, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus similis, Quercus oglethorpensis, Quercus sinuata var. sinuata, or Quercus nigra may

also be present, but in combination with the other oaks. Associated species include Carya glabra, Carya ovata, Fraxinus

subcanopy and shrub species include Asimina triloba, Ilex opaca, Aesculus sylvatica, Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex decidua,

herbaceous and vine species that may be present include Phlox caroliniana, Chasmanthium laxum, Chasmanthium

Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, high presence of Liquidambar and Quercus nigra indicate past farming at least on the

associated upland (Klimas 1988). This alliance occurs primarily in brownwater situations, and often occurs on terraces in second

bottoms. This alliance is distributed throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, the Piedmont, the Interior Low Plateau, and in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain northwards to southern Illinois.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: This forest type is widespread in the Coastal Plain of Arkansas and existed historically in the Arkansas Valley and

becomes more limited in the Ouachita Mountains (J. Campbell pers. comm., D. Zollner pers. comm.). Arkansas types have

Arundinaria gigantea in the understory. Ridges along brownwater in the Altamaha River Bioreserve are dominated by Quercus

michauxii and Quercus laurifolia with a little Quercus pagoda (K. Tassin pers. comm.), and this occurs on blackwater in the

outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina (C. Aulbach-Smith pers. comm.). One rare association in Louisiana that occurs on

calcareous soils has a mixed canopy of Quercus oglethorpensis, Quercus similis, Quercus sinuata var. sinuata, Quercus

phellos, Quercus pagoda, Quercus shumardii, Quercus alba, Pinus taeda, Carya ovata, Acer barbatum, Liquidambar styraciflua,

Fraxinus americana, and Ulmus alata. Sparse subcanopy of canopy species. Sparse shrub layer of Crataegus marshallii,

Crataegus flava, Crataegus triflora, Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Bignonia capreolata, and Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Herb

layer sparse to moderately dense with Trillium ludovicianum, Oxalis rubra, Carex cherokeensis, Sisyrinchium sp., Tillandsia

verification. In Mississippi, forests of this alliance are reported to occur "on heavy clays along small creeks that do not flood

but get very wet" (R. Wieland pers. comm.). The Quercus pagoda - Quercus similis Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

(I.B.2.N.d) was joined with this alliance and the associations formerly in that alliance moved here.

RANGE: This alliance is found in southern Illinois, southern Indiana, southeastern Missouri, Alabama (?), Arkansas (?), Florida

(?), Georgia (?), Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina (?), Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 38:C, 39:?, 40:C, 41:C, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C, 50:?, 52:C, 53:C, 56:C, 57:C, 58:P

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Arnold, Fort Benning); DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Congaree Swamp?, Shiloh); USFS

(Angelina, Apalachicola?, Bankhead?, Bienville, Conecuh, Croatan?, Davy Crockett, Delta, De Soto, Francis Marion, Holly

Springs, Homochitto, Kisatchie, Osceola?, Ouachita?, Sabine, St. Francis, Sam Houston, Tombigbee, Tuskegee); USFWS

(Hatchie, Reelfoot)

SYNONYMY: IIA6b. Sweetgum - Mixed Bottomland Oak Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Forested Canebrake, in part (Allard 1990); Swamp Chestnut Oak - Cherrybark Oak Bottomland Forest (Allard 1990); Lowland Oak - Sweetgum Forest (Foti 1994);

Bottomland hardwood forest, in part (Evans 1991); Coastal Plain Bottomland Hardwoods, Brownwater subtype (Schafale and

Weakley 1990); Swamp Chestnut Oak-Willow Oak Series (Diamond 1993); P1B3cIII6a. Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia -

Voigt and Mohlenbrock (1964) Quercus - Carya/Hymenocallis community (IL) and Jackson (1980) Liquidambar styraciflua -

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Aulbach-Smith pers. comm., Burns and Honkala 1990b, Campbell pers. comm., Diamond 1993,

Evans 1991, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994, Foti pers. comm., Jackson 1979, Klimas 1988, Pell

1983, Schafale and Weakley 1990, Tassin pers. comm., Voigt and Mohlenbrock 1964, Wharton et al. 1982, Wieland pers.

comm., Zollner pers. comm.
Liquidambar styraciflua - Quercus pagoda - Carya ovata / Carpinus caroliniana / Carex spp. Forest (DJA 7-94)

(CEGL007353 SCS 380-15)

Sweetgum - Cherrybark Oak - Shagbark Hickory / Ironwood / Sedge species Forest

[Sweetgum - Cherrybark Oak Floodplain Forest]
Quercus michauxii - Quercus shumardii - Liquidambar styraciflua / Arundinaria gigantea Forest (DFL) (CEGL002099

MCS 380-10)

Swamp Chestnut Oak - Shumard Oak - Sweetgum / Giant Cane Forest

[Swamp Chestnut Oak - Sweetgum Mesic Floodplain Forest]
I.B.2.N.e.6 LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA - (ACER RUBRUM) SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (ASW/KP 5-95,

MOD. ECS 96-01) (A.321 SCS SL)

Sweetgum - (Red Maple) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forests dominated by Liquidambar styraciflua with seasonally flooded hydrology. Other woody species that may

be present include Planera aquatica, Salix nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus lyrata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus phellos,

herbaceous layer. Known examples occur in seasonally flooded depressions and not on floodplains.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: There is a Liquidambar styraciflua-dominated type in ponded areas and shallow sloughs in Pond Creek Bottoms

in southwestern Arkansas (J. Campbell pers. comm., D. Zollner pers. comm.). Other woody species include Salix nigra, Planera

aquatica, Quercus lyrata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cornus foemina, Styrax americana, Brunnichia ovata, and

Cardiospermum halicacabum. Herbs include Carex joorii, Cyperus erythrorhizos, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Triadenum walteri,

Limnobium spongia, Lycopus rubellus, Mikania scandens, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Proserpinaca palustris, Rhynchospora

corniculata, and Saururus cernuus.

RANGE: This alliance is ÿÿ.ƒ|¨ Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York,

Pennsylvania (?), Virginia, West Virginia, and elsewhere.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 32:P, 51:C, 52:?, 53:P, 56:P, 57:?, 58:C, 61:?, 62:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Fort Gordon); NPS (Great Smoky Mountains); USFS (Uwharrie)

SYNONYMY: No equivalent (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Campbell et al. 1996
Liquidambar styraciflua - (Acer rubrum) Seasonally Flooded Forest [Provisional] () (CEGL007387 SCS 380-15)

Sweetgum - (Red Maple) Seasonally Flooded Forest

Bald-cypress - (Water Tupelo, Swamp Blackgum, Ogeechee Tupelo) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Floodplain forests, with seasonally flooded hydrology, dominated by Taxodium distichum and usually one or

more of the following: Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa biflora, and/or Nyssa ogeche. Characteristic woody species include

range from sparse to moderate. Herbaceous and vine species that may be present include Leersia lenticularis, Justicia ovata,

eastern Texas and in the Mississippi River alluvial basin north to southern Illinois.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: Compare to alliances in I.B.2.N.f. with semipermanently flooded hydrology where surface water persists through

the growing season in most years. This alliance with seasonal flooding has flooding of long duration, but the water level is below

the surface by the end of the growing season. Several communities in Louisiana contain Taxodium distichum with various

hardwoods (Quercus nigra and Magnolia virginiana; Celtis laevigata and Acer rubrum or Acer negundo). Assessment is

needed regarding their alliance placement.

RANGE: This alliance is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South

Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Illinois.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:P, 40:P, 41:C, 42:C, 43:?, 53:C, 55:P, 56:C, 57:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Congaree Swamp); USFS (Angelina, Davy Crockett, De Soto, Delta,

Kisatchie, Sabine, Sam Houston, Tuskegee)

SYNONYMY: IIA4b. Bald Cypress - Water Tupelo Swamp, in part (Allard 1990); Cypress - Tupelo Swamp (Foti 1994);

Cypress/tupelo swamp, in part (Evans 1991); Floodplain swamp, in part (Florida Natural Areas Inventory 1992a);

Cypress/Cypress-Tupelo Swamp, in part (Smith 1996a); Bald Cypress - Water Tupelo Swamp (Wieland 1994b); Palustrine

P1B3dI1b. Taxodium distichum - Nyssa aquatica (Foti et al. 1994); Baldcypress - Tupelo: 102, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: , Allard 1990, Conner and Day 1976, Conner et al. 1981, Diamond 1993, Evans 1991, Eyre 1980, Florida

Natural Areas Inventory 1992a, Foti et al. 1994, Jones et al. 1981b, Martin and Smith 1991, Schafale and Weakley 1990,

Schneider et al. 1989, Wharton 1978, Wharton et al. 1982, Whipple et al. 1981
Taxodium distichum - Nyssa aquatica - Acer rubrum var. drummondii / Itea virginica Forest (SL, mod. JEM/LMS 1-95)

(CEGL007422 SCS 380-05)

Bald-cypress - Water Tupelo - Swamp Red Maple / Virginia-willow Forest

Bald-cypress Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Swamp forests dominated by Taxodium distichum often with a monospecific canopy. Other canopy species that

may be present include Fraxinus tomentosa, Populus heterophylla, Nyssa aquatica, and possibly others. The subcanopy is

usually sparse and may contain Planera aquatica, Fraxinus caroliniana (in its range), and occasionally Acer rubrum. The

shrub and herbaceous layers are very sparse and frequently limited to tree bases and downed logs. Species present include

Plain to southeastern Texas, and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain to southern Illinois. However, it is more commonly

recognized outside of, or near the edge of, the range of Nyssa aquatica which otherwise is frequently codominant with

Taxodium distichum. Such areas include: southwestern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana, southeastern Oklahoma, eastern

Mississippi and adjacent Alabama, southern Indiana, peninsular Florida, northeastern Virginia, eastern Maryland and Delaware.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: The vegetation of this alliance is relatively uncommon in the Midwest. Some confusion may be found with stands

in the I.B.2.N.f.2 Nyssa aquatica - (Taxodium distichum) Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance (A.345), especially where

logging in Taxodium distichum Semipermanently Flooded Forest stands may have reduced the dominance by Taxodium

RANGE: This alliance is found in southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,

Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Delaware, Maryland,

and Virginia.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:P, 38:C, 39:P, 40:C, 41:C, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C, 52:P, 53:C, 54:P, 55:C, 56:C, 57:C, 58:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Congaree Swamp, Shiloh?); USFS (Angelina, Apalachicola, Conecuh,

Davy Crockett, Delta?, De Soto, Holly Springs?, Homochitto?, Kisatchie, Ocala, Osceola, Sabine, Sam Houston, St. Francis?,

Tombigbee?, Tuskegee); USFWS (Little River, Reelfoot)

SYNONYMY: IIA4a. Bald Cypress Swamp, in part (Allard 1990, Oberholster 1993, Wieland 1994b); Cypress Swamp (Foti 1994); Floodplain Swamp, in part (Florida Natural Areas Inventory 1992a); Blackwater Stream Floodplain Forest, in part (Ambrose 1990); Brownwater Stream Floodplain Forest, in part (Ambrose 1990); Cypress/Tupelo Swamp, in part (Evans 1991);

Cypress/Cypress-Tupelo Swamp, in part (Smith 1996a); Cypress - Gum Swamp, Blackwater Subtype, in part (Schafale and

Weakley 1990); Cypress - Gum Swamp, Brownwater Subtype, in part (Schafale and Weakley 1990) Taxodium distichum /

Lemna minor forest association (Hoagland 1997); Bald Cypress - Tupelo Gum Swamp, in part (Nelson 1986); Mesotrophic

Semipermanently Flooded Forest (Rawinski 1992); P1B3dI1a. Taxodium distichum (Foti et al. 1994); ? P1B3dI. Taxodium

REFERENCES: , Allard 1990, Conner and Day 1989, Devall 1991, Evans 1991, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996,

Faircloth 1971, Florida Natural Areas Inventory 1992b, Foti et al. 1994, Hoagland 1997, Nelson 1985, Nelson 1986, Schafale and

Weakley 1990, Wharton et al. 1982

Bald-cypress / Lesser Duckweed Forest

[Bald Cypress Swamp]


AR-GAP P.1.B.3.d.II

Nyssa aquatica -Taxodium distichum - Nyssa spp.

water tupelo - bald cypress - tupelo
I.B.2.N.f.2 NYSSA AQUATICA - (TAXODIUM DISTICHUM) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE (DJA/DF-L

94-05) (A.345 SCS SL)

Water Tupelo - (Bald-cypress) Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Forested riverine swamps dominated by Nyssa aquatica, with or without Taxodium distichum as a codominant.

Other canopy and subcanopy species include Nyssa biflora, Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, Fraxinus profunda, Fraxinus

higher places in the forest. Itea virginica is often the only shrub present. Herbaceous species may be absent and often are

sparse. Species present can include Phanopyrum (= Panicum) gymnocarpon, Pluchea camphorata, Carex joorii, Carex

glaucescens, Proserpinaca pectinata, Asclepias perennis, Saururus cernuus, Justicia ovata, Leersia lenticularis, and others.

Associations in this alliance occur in backwater sloughs, low wet flats, swales and backswamps, and along blackwater streams;

and in artificial lakes and millponds and other situations with altered hydrology. Surface water is present throughout the growing

season in most years. Forests in this alliance occur virtually throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains and the Mississippi

River Alluvial Plain within the range of Nyssa aquatica, and in the Arkansas River Valley; also reported from the Mobile and

Tensaw rivers in Alabama.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: Compare with seasonally flooded alliances (I.B.2.N.e.) which have no surface water present by the end of the

growing season in most years. There is an association that occurs in semipermanently flooded sloughs that is dominated by

Nyssa ogeche under scattered Nyssa aquatica; its alliance placement needs assessment.

RANGE: This alliance is found in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio (?), Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:?, 38:C, 40:?, 41:C, 42:C, 43:P, 44:C, 53:C, 56:C, 57:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Fort Benning); DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Congaree Swamp, Shiloh); USFS (Angelina?,

Apalachicola, Conecuh?, Croatan, Davy Crockett, De Soto, Delta, Francis Marion, Kisatchie, Ocala, Ozark, Sabine?, Sam

Houston, St. Francis, Tuskegee)

SYNONYMY: IIA4b. Bald Cypress - Water Tupelo Swamp, IIA4c. Bald Cypress - Swamp Black Gum Swamp, IIA4cd. Tupelo

Swamp (Allard 1990); Cypress - Tupelo Swamp, Tupelo Blackgum Swamp (Foti 1994); Baldcypress-Water Tupelo Series, in part

(Diamond 1993); P1B3dI1a. Taxodium distichum, P1B3dI1b. Taxodium distichum - Nyssa aquatica, P1B3dII3a. Nyssa

1980). This alliance has been described in part by SAF type 103, Water Tupelo - Swamp Tupelo, and type 102, Baldcypress -

Tupelo (Eyre 1980). Various types within this alliance have been described including Bald Cypress - Water Tupelo Swamp, Bald

Cypress - Swamp Black Gum Swamp, and Tupelo Swamp (Allard 1990); Cypress - Tupelo Swamp, Tupelo Blackgum Swamp (Foti 1994); Baldcypress-Water Tupelo Series, in part (Diamond 1993); Taxodium distichum, Taxodium distichum - Nyssa aquatica, and Nyssa aquatica types of Foti et al. (1994).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Conner and Day 1976, Devall 1991, Diamond 1993, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996,

Foti 1994, Foti et al. 1994, Fowells 1965, Hardin 1990, Klawitter 1962, Leitman et al. 1983, Miller and Neiswender 1989, Monk 1968, Schneider et al. 1989, Wharton et al. 1982, Whipple et al. 1981

Water Tupelo - Swamp Blackgum Forest

Water Tupelo Forest

[Water Tupelo Swamp]


AR-GAP P.5.A.4.a.I

Tripsacum dactyloides - Panicum virgatum

tall prairie (moist to wet)
V.A.5.N.j.7 PANICUM VIRGATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE (MP 97-10) (A.1343 SCS MP)

Switchgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance encompasses temporarily flooded areas dominated by the nominal species with other perennial

graminoids and forbs. Associated species vary with geography and substrate. These may include Juncus spp., Solidago spp.,

in its expression, but Panicum virgatum tends to be the tallest plant and to represent most of the biomass. Variability occurs

in the cover of Panicum virgatum and the richness of associated species. Grasses constitute most of the biomass. Shrubs,

if present, will constitute less than 10 percent cover; these may include Myrica cerifera, Alnus serrulata, Amorpha nitens,

herbaceous vegetation on rocky riverbank complexes along larger rivers in the Ouachita Mountains (D. Zollner pers. comm.), as

cobble/boulder bars such as in Kentucky along the Ohio River (J. Campbell pers. comm.), or sandbars of coastal plain rivers in

Mississippi and other states. These sites receive water input from the rivers during flood events, becoming dry during rainless

intervals. Other associations may remain to be described in this alliance, and its complete range of variation described.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: This alliance is related to the V.A.5.N.j.1 Andropogon gerardii - (Sorghastrum nutans) Temporarily

Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1337) but seems to represent a distinct zone and perhaps a distinct geographic range.

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Alabama (?), Arkansas, Florida (?), Georgia (?), Kentucky, Louisiana (?), Mississippi,

Oklahoma (?), Texas, and possibly in the Mexican state of Coahuila (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 24:C, 29:C, 38:P, 39:C, 43:?, 44:C, 50:C, 53:C

FEDERAL LANDS: USFS (De Soto, Ouachita)

SYNONYMY: P5A4aI2a. Panicum virgatum, in part? (Foti et al. 1994).

REFERENCES: Campbell pers. comm., Foti et al. 1994, Zollner pers. comm.