Pinus taeda - (Pinus echinata) - Quercus falcata - Carya texana / Vaccinium arboreum Forest (JEM 4-95, mod. WGCP

Loblolly Pine - (Shortleaf Pine) - Southern Red Oak - Black Hickory / Farkleberry Forest

Loblolly Pine - White Oak - Mockernut Hickory / American Holly / Beautyberry Forest

Loblolly Pine - (Blackjack Oak, Southern Red Oak, Post Oak) Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: These are forests of the West Gulf Coastal Plain and East Gulf Coastal Plain that occur in upland sites protected

from frequent fire. Species composition varies somewhat based on topographic and slope position of occurrences, but some

combination of the nominal oaks is dominant. Associated canopy and subcanopy species include Quercus nigra, Nyssa

sylvatica, Acer rubrum, Carya alba, and Sassafras albidum. Common understory species include Callicarpa americana,

Cornus florida, Crataegus spp., Oxydendrum arboreum, and Gelsemium sempervirens. In the absence of fire, these forests

lose their substantial pine component. Many occurrences of forests in this alliance are not natural and these forests occur on

slopes that formerly supported mixed forests and woodlands with Pinus palustris and Pinus echinata, instead of with Pinus

taeda.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Louisiana and Texas.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 32:C, 40:C, 41:P, 42:?, 53:C

FEDERAL LANDS:

SYNONYMY: IA6e. Loblolly Pine - Shortleaf Pine - Oak Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Mixed Hardwood-Loblolly Pine Forest

(Smith 1996a); Loblolly Pine-Oak Series, in part? (Diamond 1993); Loblolly Pine - Hardwood: 82 (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: , Allard 1990, Diamond 1993, Eyre 1980
I.C.3.N.a.26 PINUS TAEDA - QUERCUS NIGRA FOREST ALLIANCE (DJA 94-06) (A.406 SCS SL)

Loblolly Pine - Water Oak Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance contains natural and semi-natural, dry to dry-mesic forests of the southeastern coastal plain, occurring

in fire-protected situations, such as swamp islands and barrier islands. This alliance is best documented as maritime forests,

characterized by Pinus taeda and Quercus falcata or Quercus nigra. They occur on the lee side of maritime dunes and

are protected from salt spray and overwash. The substrate is wind-deposited sand which is rapidly drained and nutrient poor.

Canopy associates include Carya glabra, Fagus grandifolia, Oxydendrum arboreum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Carpinus

caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Persea borbonia, and occasional Quercus virginiana and Ilex opaca. The patchy shrub layer

may contain Myrica cerifera, Myrica pensylvanica, Rhus copallinum, and Vaccinium corymbosum. Vines are abundant and

include Toxicodendron radicans, Vitis rotundifolia, Smilax spp., and Gelsemium sempervirens. The poorly developed

herbaceous layer usually is composed of Chasmanthium laxum, Mitchella repens, Pteridium aquilinum, Panicum amarum, and

Piedmont are included here as well, but additional work is needed for characterization.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS: In Arkansas these forests occur on occasionally flooded to dry sites, usually in the Coastal Plain (Foti et al.

1994). More work needs to be done to distinguish this alliance from loblolly - oak - hickory forests in the I.C.3.N.a.25 Pinus

taeda - Quercus (marilandica, falcata, stellata) Forest Alliance (A.405).

RANGE: This alliance is found in Alabama (?), Arkansas, Florida (?), Georgia, Mississippi (?), North Carolina, South Carolina (?),

Delaware, and Virginia.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 43:?, 53:?, 56:C, 57:C, 58:P

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Camp Lejeune, Fort Benning); USFS (Croatan?)

SYNONYMY: IA9a. Mid-Atlantic Barrier Island Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Lowland Pine - Oak Forest, in part (Foti 1994);

T1b3aIII5b. Pinus taeda - Quercus (phellos, nigra, stellata) (Foti et al. 1994); Loblolly Pine - Hardwood: 82 (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Clampitt 1991, Eyre 1980, Foti et al. 1994

Loblolly Pine - (Willow Oak, Water Oak, Diamondleaf Oak) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Mixed loblolly - hardwood forests of primarily blackwater rivers of the coastal plain dominated by Pinus taeda

with any combination of the nominal Quercus species. Some of the associations may be Pinus taeda plantations. See the

description for the I.B.2.N.d.17 Quercus (phellos, nigra, laurifolia) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance (A.292) which is very

similar, but lacks a significant component of Pinus taeda.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES:

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Alabama, Arkansas (?), Georgia, Mississippi (?), North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 31:P, 39:P, 40:C, 41:C, 42:C, 43:P, 50:P, 52:P, 53:P, 55:P, 56:C, 57:C, 58:C, 62:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Fort Benning, Fort Bragg); USFS (Angelina, Apalachicola, Bienville, Croatan?, Davy Crockett, De

Soto, Delta, Francis Marion?, Holly Springs, Homochitto?, Kisatchie, Ocala, Osceola, Sabine, Sam Houston, St. Francis,

Tombigbee, Tuskegee)

SYNONYMY: IIA8c. Lowland Pine - Oak Forest (Allard 1990); Lowland Pine Oak Forest, in part (Foti 1994); Coastal Plain

Bottomland Hardwoods, Blackwater Subtype (Schafale and Weakley 1990); 1B3aIII5b. Pinus taeda - Quercus (phellos, nigra,

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Eyre 1980, Foti et al. 1994, Schafale and Weakley 1990

Loblolly Pine - Sweetgum - (Water Oak, Willow Oak) / Ironwood - Parsley-leaf Haw Forest

(Shortleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine) - (Bluejack Oak, Sand Post Oak, Arkansas Oak) Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance includes a variety of communities dominated by the nominal species, ranging from fire-suppressed,

former shortleaf pine - oak woodlands to plantations on xeric to dry, sandy sites. The canopy coverage may be variable,

reflecting the range of situations involved; but all examples exhibit greater canopy closure than related woodland types in the

same landscapes and ecoregion. In addition to the nominal canopy species, Carya texana may be present. In addition to

canopy species, the subcanopy may contain Quercus incana. Typical shrubs include Vaccinium arboreum, Ilex vomitoria,

Sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. lanuginosum, Asimina parviflora, Chionanthus virginicus, Stillingia sylvatica, Frangula caroliniana,

Hamamelis virginiana, and seedlings of canopy species. The widely scattered herbaceous layer may contain Aristida

desmantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Opuntia humifusa, Cnidoscolus texanus, Eriogonum longifolium, Eriogonum multiflorum,

Penstemon murrayanus, Polanisia erosa, Polygonella americana, Polygonella polygama, and Zornia bracteata. More open

examples that approach woodland structure may contain scattered patches of fruticose lichens (Cladonia spp.) and possibly

spike-moss (Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii). This alliance is typically found on well-drained to very well-drained acidic

sandy ridgetops and flat, xeric uplands. The shrub stratum is usually well-developed, but the density is variable. The

groundcover ranges from patchy to sparse; due to the xeric conditions and often dense shade. Herbs are often very limited in

this community. This alliance may result from fire suppression of Pinus echinata - Pinus taeda-dominated woodlands where

fire was historically important. The historical fire frequency must have been less than that of adjacent Pinus

palustris-dominated woodlands in order for the Pinus echinata and hardwoods to persist. Young Pinus echinata may be

top-killed by fire, but frequently resprout. In addition, it may originate from historical Pinus echinata - Quercus spp.

woodlands, or xeric Pinus palustris woodlands that have undergone forest-type conversion and subsequent fire suppression.

With the continued absence of fire, this mixed forest alliance may be seral to a xeric Quercus incana - Quercus margarettiae -

sandy soils in the West Gulf Coastal Plain and Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Its status in the western part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain is unclear.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Related woodlands will be found in the II.C.3.N.a.8 Pinus (echinata, taeda) - Quercus (arkansana,

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Arkansas (?), Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, and others.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 40:P, 41:C, 42:P, 53:P

FEDERAL LANDS: USFS (Angelina?, Davy Crockett?, Kisatchie, Sabine?, others?)

SYNONYMY: IA7a. Xeric Shortleaf Pine - Oak - Hickory Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Western Xeric Sandhill Woodland, in part

(Smith 1996a); Shortleaf Pine/Oak - Hickory Forest, in part (Smith 1996a); Shortleaf Pine - Oak Series, in part (Diamond 1993);

Shortleaf Pine - Oak: 76, in part (Eyre 1980); Loblolly Pine--Shortleaf Pine: 80, in part (Eyre 1980); Loblolly Pine - Hardwood: 82,

in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Allred and Mitchell 1955, Diamond 1993, Eyre 1980, Martin and Smith 1991, Martin and Smith 1993,

Martin et al. 1993, Turner 1935
Pinus (echinata, taeda) - Quercus margarettiae - Carya texana / Vaccinium arboreum Forest (JEM 3-95) (CEGL007507

SCS 460-10)

(Shortleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine) - Sand Post Oak - Black Hickory / Farkleberry Forest

Eastern Red-cedar - (Chinquapin Oak, Post Oak) Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Calcareous forests dominated by the nominal species. These forests are apparently more strongly calcareous than

those in the I.C.3.N.a.3 Juniperus virginiana - Quercus (stellata, velutina, marilandica) Forest Alliance (A.383). In Tennessee,

associated species include Ulmus alata, Carya carolinae-septentronalis, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Celtis

laevigata, Cercis canadensis, Sideroxylon lycioides, Forestiera ligustrina, Rhus aromatica, Hypericum frondosum,

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Viburnum rufidulum, Cheilanthes lanosa, and Scutellaria ovata. Herbaceous openings may

contain Schizachyrium scoparium, Panicum virgatum, or Diarrhena americana. The structure and composition of vegetation

in this and related alliances depends on management and disturbance history, as well as inherent site conditions. Depending on

soil depth, climate, and fire interval, the canopy closure and the relative Quercus/Juniperus balance will vary considerably. At

some sites, both forest and woodland communities may be present, grading into one another depending on aspect, surface

geology, or fire history. With prolonged fire suppression, Juniperus will increase in importance and stature, eventually

occupying part of the canopy with the oaks, and presenting greater canopy closure. In intermediate stages, an oak canopy will

overtop a subcanopy of Juniperus. Drier, rockier, or more frequently burned examples will tend to exhibit an oak woodland

physiognomy.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: This alliance concept may be better covered under woodland. See, for example, the II.A.4.N.b.2

COMMENTS: In Arkansas these dominants typically occur as a woodland; however fire-suppressed glade margins may have

canopy coverage that approaches forest.

RANGE: This alliance is found in southern Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas (?), Kentucky (?), Oklahoma (?), and Tennessee, but

not in North Carolina or Louisiana.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 36:C, 38:C, 39:?, 43:P, 44:C, 50:C

FEDERAL LANDS: COE (J. Percy Priest); TVA (Columbia)

SYNONYMY: IA6l. Cedar - Oak - Hackberry Elm Forest, in part (Allard 1990); Red Cedar-Oak Forest (Evans 1991); Eastern

Redcedar: 46, in part (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Evans 1991, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Nelson 1987

Chinquapin Oak - Eastern Red-cedar - Sugar Maple / Carolina Buckthorn Forest

[Chinquapin Oak - Red Cedar Dry Alkaline Forest]
I.C.3.N.a.3 JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS (STELLATA, VELUTINA, MARILANDICA) FOREST ALLIANCE (SL/ASW

94-12) (A.383 SCS MP)

Eastern Red-cedar - (Post Oak, Black Oak, Blackjack Oak) Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Mixed forests (often stunted) of cedar and xeric oaks; may be fire-suppressed oak savannas. Often occur over

limestone, on 2:1 clays, sandstone, or sandstone chert; may possibly occur on old fields. Typically less calcareous than similar

forests with Quercus muehlenbergii and Quercus stellata. In Arkansas, associated species include Ulmus alata, Carya

texana, Fraxinus americana, Sideroxylon lycioides, Celtis tenuifolia, Cercis canadensis, Rhus aromatica, Symphoricarpos

orbiculatus, Viburnum rufidulum, Antennaria plantaginifolia, Cheilanthes lanosa, Cheilanthes tomentosa, Euphorbia commutata,

and Scutellaria ovata. The structure and composition of vegetation in this and related alliances depends on management and

disturbance history, as well as inherent site conditions. Depending on soil depth, climate, and fire interval, the canopy closure

and the relative Quercus/Juniperus balance will vary considerably. At some sites, both forest and woodland communities may

be present, grading into one another depending on aspect, surface geology, or fire history. With prolonged fire suppression,

Juniperus will increase in importance and stature, eventually occupying part of the canopy with the oaks, and presenting greater

canopy closure. In intermediate stages, an oak canopy will overtop a subcanopy of Juniperus. Drier, rockier, or more

frequently burned examples will tend to exhibit an oak woodland physiognomy. Additional information about associations in this

alliance is needed to help determine if at least some of this vegetation should possibly be referred either to the II.B.2.N.a.25

Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica Woodland Alliance (A.625) or to the I.B.2.N.a.41 Quercus stellata - Quercus

marilandica Forest Alliance (A.253).

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Related woodland vegetation is in the II.B.2.N.a.25 Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica Woodland

Alliance (A.625); related forests will be found in the I.B.2.N.a.41 Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica Forest Alliance

(A.253).

RANGE: This alliance is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia (?), Kentucky (?), Louisiana (?), North Carolina, Oklahoma, South

Carolina, Tennessee, Texas (?), Virginia (?), and possibly elsewhere.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 32:C, 39:C, 40:?, 41:?, 44:C, 50:?, 52:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Arnold); NPS (Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Chickasaw); USFS (Daniel Boone?, Oconee, Ouachita?,

Ozark, Sumter, Uwharrie, others)

SYNONYMY: Quercus stellata - Juniperus virginiana forest association (Hoagland 1997); Eastern Redcedar: 46, in part (Eyre

1980).

1994
Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana - Pinus echinata - Ulmus alata / Rhus glabra Forest (ASW 11-98) (CEGL007816 SCS

Eastern Red-cedar - Shortleaf Pine - Winged Elm / Smooth Sumac Forest
Quercus stellata - Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana Forest (BH 10-97) (CEGL004935 SCS 390-10)

Post Oak - Eastern Red-cedar Forest

American Beech - Sugar Maple - (Tuliptree) Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: This alliance is composed of rich, mesic forests of the east-central United States and southern Canada. The forest

canopy and subcanopy are typically dominated by Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia, although Liriodendron

rare in northern stands but become more abundant in southern stands. Asimina triloba (in the southern parts of this alliance's

range), Corylus americana, Diervilla lonicera (in the north), Euonymus obovatus, Lindera benzoin (in the south), Morus

rubra, and Sambucus spp. (in the north) are typical shrubs. The herbaceous layer is well-developed. The most abundant

species include Adiantum pedatum, Arisaema triphyllum, Claytonia virginica, Dicentra canadensis, Dryopteris intermedia,

(Braun 1950, Pell and Mack 1977). South of the limit of glaciation there is an increasing tendency for this alliance to be found on north- or east-facing slopes (Eyre 1980). The soils are fertile well-drained, silt, silt loam, sandy loam, or loam. Those in the north have formed over glacial till almost exclusively, while stands south of the limit of Wisconsin glaciation may form from till,

alluvium, sandstone, or shale (Dodge and Harman 1977, Eyre 1980).

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Stands of this alliance may be similar to stands in the I.B.2.N.a.4 Acer saccharum - Betula

(A.228), and I.B.2.N.a.17 Fagus grandifolia - Quercus spp. - Acer spp. Forest Alliance (A.230). Rogers (1981) also compared

stands in the eastern part of this alliance with the I.B.2.N.a.8 Acer saccharum - Tilia americana - (Quercus rubra) Forest

Alliance (A.220) in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Tilia americana was far more dominant in that alliance. Further review of Rogers'

discussion of the herbaceous layer of these two alliances is needed. Forests in this alliance are distinguished from forests in

the I.B.2.N.a.23 Liriodendron tulipifera - Tilia americana var. heterophylla - Aesculus flava - Acer saccharum Forest Alliance

(A.235), by lacking the suite of Appalachian species characteristic to that alliance. There is some conceptual and floristic

overlap with the Fagus grandifolia - Quercus rubra - Quercus alba Forest Alliance (A.229).

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in southern Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, eastern Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee,

Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and possibly Arkansas (?) and Maryland (?). It is also found in Canada in southern Ontario.

TNC ECOREGIONS: 36:C, 38:P, 42:C, 43:C, 44:C, 45:C, 48:C, 49:C, 50:C, 52:C, 59:P

FEDERAL LANDS:

SYNONYMY: Western Mesophytic Forest; IA5d. Typic Mesophytic Forest (Allard 1990); Mixed Mesophytic Forest, in part (Foti

1994); Deep soil mesophytic forest, in part (Evans 1991); Acidic mesophytic forest, in part (Evans 1991); Coastal Plain

Mesophytic cane forest? (Evans 1991); Sugar Maple-Beech-Tulip Poplar HR (Pyne 1994); Acer/Fagus/Liriodendron/Quercus

(Pyne 1994); TIB4aI1c. Fagus-Acer spp. (rubrum, saccharum)-Liriodendron (Foti et al. 1994); Beech - Sugar Maple: 60, in part

(Eyre 1980). This alliance has been described by Braun (1950) as the Beech - Maple association and parts of the Western

Mesophytic Forest Region, Pell and Mack (1977) Fagus grandifolia - Acer saccharum - Podophyllum peltatum association

(Ohio). SAF type 60, Beech - Sugar Maple (Eyre 1980), and Kuchler's (1964) type 102, Beech - Maple Forest are very similar to

this alliance. The SAF type is slightly more inclusive than this alliance, and Kuchler's (1964) type is less inclusive.

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Andreu and Tukman 1995, Braun 1950, Cobbe 1943, Dodge and Harman 1985, Evans 1991, Eyre

1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti et al. 1994, Kuchler 1964, Martin 1975, Muller 1982, Pell and Mack 1977, Schmalzer

1978, Schmalzer and DeSelm 1982, Schmalzer et al. 1978

American Beech - Sugar Maple - Tuliptree Unglaciated Forest

[Beech - Maple Unglaciated Forest]
I.B.2.N.a.16 FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - QUERCUS ALBA FOREST ALLIANCE (MPS/ASW 6-94, MOD. ASW/KP 94-09) (A.228

SCS MP)

American Beech - White Oak Forest Alliance

CONCEPT: Dry-mesic to mesic forests with admixtures of Quercus alba and Fagus grandifolia that typically occur on

mesic slopes and small stream bottoms in the coastal plain, and also in other adjacent physiographic provinces, including the

southern part of Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas. This alliance is distributed primarily north of the distribution of Magnolia

grandiflora. In the southern part of the range, examples of this alliance may have Acer barbatum and Acer leucoderme in

the subcanopy; other associates may include Acer rubrum, Carya alba, Carya myristiciformis, Carya ovata, Carya texana,

dense. Phoradendron leucarpum, Tillandsia usneoides, and Pleopeltis (= Polypodium) polypodioides ssp. michauxiana may

occur as epiphytes on the canopy trees. The tall-shrub stratum may include Crataegus marshallii, Crataegus spathulata,

Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Asimina triloba, Ostrya virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana var. caroliniana, Cornus florida, Cercis

canadensis, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Styrax grandifolia, and Crataegus marshallii. The short-shrub stratum, which may vary

widely in diversity, may contain Amelanchier arborea, Callicarpa americana, Chionanthus virginicus, Crataegus marshallii,

is typically sparse, may contain Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Botrychium spp., Phegopteris hexagonoptera,

mesic calcareous silty clays, silty loams and silty clay loams, as well as loamy sands or loamy fine sands. This broad-leaved

forest is known predominantly from mesic middle and lower slopes; in southeastern Texas it occupies ravines and ridges within

creek bottoms. Associated geology includes the Cook Mountain and Jackson formations. In the northwestern part of the range,

on deep loessal soils of Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas (Cross County south through Phillips County), canopies are dominated by

Fagus grandifolia, Quercus alba, and Liriodendron tulipifera, with associates including Fraxinus americana, Sassafras

albidum, Ulmus rubra, Quercus michauxii, Acer saccharum, Magnolia acuminata, Carya illinoinensis; and Liquidambar

styraciflua, Juglans cinerea, Ilex opaca, Tilia americana, Gymnocladus dioica, Quercus pagoda, and Carya cordiformis in the

deep moist gullies. Understory species include Asimina triloba, Ostrya virginiana, Hydrangea arborescens, Lindera benzoin,

sometimes reaching the canopy. Other herbaceous species include Phegopteris hexagonoptera, Polystichum acrostichoides,

North Carolina, contain a canopy of Fagus grandifolia and Liquidambar styraciflua over a subcanopy with Oxydendrum

contains Fagus grandifolia, Quercus nigra, and Liquidambar styraciflua as canopy dominants over Ilex opaca and a

well-developed shrub layer with Rhododendron canescens, Euonymus americana, Vaccinium elliottii, Symplocos tinctoria,

Arundinaria gigantea, Asimina triloba, Callicarpa americana, and others.

SIMILAR ALLIANCES: Non-Coastal Plain forests of Fagus grandifolia and Quercus alba (e.g. in Cumberland Mountains,

Interior Low Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee) should be placed in the I.B.2.N.a.17 Fagus grandifolia - Quercus rubra -

Quercus alba Forest Alliance (A.229).

COMMENTS:

RANGE: This alliance is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida (?), Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,

Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and possibly Missouri (?).

TNC ECOREGIONS: 38:P, 40:C, 41:C, 42:C, 43:C, 52:C, 53:C, 56:?, 57:C, 58:C, 62:C

FEDERAL LANDS: DOD (Fort Benning?, Fort Stewart); NPS (Colonial, Congaree Swamp, Kings Mountain); USFS (Angelina,

Apalachicola?, Bankhead; Bienville, Conecuh, Croatan, Davy Crockett?, De Soto, Delta?, Francis Marion, Homochitto,

Kisatchie, Oconee, Ouachita?, Sabine, St. Francis, Sam Houston?, Tuskegee Tombigbee, others)

SYNONYMY: IA8d. Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest, in part (Allard 1990); IA8b. Coastal Plain Calcareous Forest, in part

(Allard 1990); Coastal Plain Beech Forest (Foti 1994); Mixed Mesophytic Forest, in part (Foti 1994); Piedmont Mesic

Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest (Ambrose 1990); Deep soil mesophytic forest, in part (Evans 1991); Calcareous mesophytic

forest, in part (Evans 1991); Coastal Plain mesophytic cane forest, in part (Evans 1991); Calcareous Forest, in part (Smith

1996a); Hardwood Slope Forest, in part (Smith 1996a); Basic Mesic Forest, Piedmont Subtype (Schafale and Weakley 1990);

Basic Mesic Forest, Coastal Plain Subtype (Schafale and Weakley 1990); Piedmont/Coastal Plain Heath Bluff, in part (Schafale

and Weakley 1990); Fagus grandifolia - Quercus alba forest association (Hoagland 1997); TIB2aI1a. Fagus grandifolia - Ilex

opaca (Foti et al. 1994); Beech-Sweet Gum-Tulip Poplar MAP (Pyne 1994); American Beech-White Oak Series (Diamond 1993);

American Beech-Southern Magnolia Series, in part (Diamond 1993); no equivalent (Eyre 1980).

REFERENCES: Allard 1990, Clark 1974, Clark 1977, Diamond 1993, Evans 1991, Foti et al. 1994, Frost et al. 1990, Hill 1992,

Hoagland 1997, Martin and Smith 1991, Monk 1965, Monk et al. 1989, Quarterman and Keever 1962, Schafale and Weakley

1990, Soblo 1989, Ware 1970, Ware 1988, Ware and Ware 1992