Guide to this bibliography and

Discrimination (p. 260):

Related issues —

DUGARD, C. Human Rights and the South African Legal Order. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978, pp. 136-43. ISBN 0 691 09236 2.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COMMISSION. Freedom of Movement for Persons in the European Community. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1982. Pp. 51. ISBN 92 825 2973 8.

GOODWIN-GILL, G. S. International Law and the Movement of Persons Between States.

Civil and political rights 245
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978. Pp. xxvii + 324. ISBN 0 19 8253338.

A very knowledgeable study on matters of nationality and state powers in relation to the entry and expulsion of foreign citizens. Large numbers of individual examples of State practice, in particular legal regimes operating in the U. K., U. S. A., Federal Republic of Germany, France and European Communities, are examined. The general thesis is that a state's competence in regard to foreign nationals is clearly limited by rules and standards of international law. Table of cases and statutes. Bibliography and index.

JAGERSKIOLD, S. 'The Freedom of Movement', in L. Henkin (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 166-84. ISBN 0 231 051808.

LANSING, PAUL. 'Freedom to Travel: Is the Issuance of a Passport an Individual Right or a Government Prerogative'. (1981) 11 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 15-35.

Noting that 'Lain individual's right to freedom of international travel has been overwhelmingly linked to his possession of a passport in the recent past,' Professor Lansing discusses the recent Supreme Court case of Haig v. Agee.

LAUTERPACHT, E. & COLLIER, J. (eds). Individual Rights and the State in Foreign Affairs. New York, Praeger, 1977. Pp. xiii + 743. ISBN 0 275 24350 8.

A collection of essays on state activities in foreign affairs that affect the rights of foreign individuals. The substances and implementation of those rights are considered, as well as the movement between countries, expulsion and diplomatic protection. The legal regulations of Austria, Belgium, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, Uganda, U. K. and U. S. A. are discussed.

LEARY, V. 'The Implementation of the Human Rights Provisions of the Helsinki Final Act', in T. Buergenthal & J. R. Hall (eds), Human Rights, International Law and the Helsinki Accord. Montclair, New Jersey, Allanheld, Osmum & Co., 1977,

pp. 127-40. ISBN 0 87663 828 0.

PLENDER, R. 0. 'The Right to Free Movement in the European Communities', in J. W. Bridge et al. (eds), Fundamental Rights. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1972,

pp. 306-17. ISBN 0 421 19130 9.

REDISH, M. H. 'British Immigration and International Protection of Human Rights'. (1969) 10 Harvard International Law Journal, 150-71.

RIPHAGEN, W. 'National and International Regulation of International Movement and the Legal Position of the Private Individual'. (1970) 131 Academie de Droit International; Recueil des Cours, 489-620.

Right to fair trial (due process)

See also —

Civil and political rights (p. 176):

(p. 310): Children's rights (p. 310): Children and the law (p. 314); Prisoners' rights (p. 325)

Related issues —

double jeopardy; equality before the law; habeas corpus; judicial process; legal aid; natural justice (right to be heard, right to unbiased hearing, right to be given reasons); neighbourhood and community justice centres; right to bail; right to counsel; right to silence; speedy trial

246 Bibliography

This was a study undertaken by the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. It is closely tied to the 'due process' articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Articles 6, 7, 8, 10, 11) and gives an explication of these. It then considers ways in which these articles have been breached and methods for combatting discrimination in the administration of justice. At Annex III are set out 'Principles on Equality in the Administration of Justice'.

AMSTERDAM, ANTHONY G. 'The Supreme Court and the Right of Suspects in Criminal Cases'. (1970) 45 New York University Law Review, 785-815.

Argues the Supreme Court decisions cannot and do not protect the accused from abuse of police powers.

ANDREWS, jOHN A. (ed.). Human Rights in Criminal Procedure: A Comparative Study. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1982. Pp. 451. ISBN 90 247 25526.

This is a valuable collection of sixteen papers from the U. K. National Committee of Comparative Law Conference (1978). There are studies of the criminal process in Great Britain, under the European Human Rights convention; Belgium, Greece, Germany, U. S. A., Canada. Then there are chapters on the Police viewpoint, the treatment of offenders, the argument for a Bill of Rights in U. K. Most of the contributors provide informative footnotes.

ASHWORTH, A. J. 'Concepts of Criminal Justice'. (1979) Criminal Law Review, 412-27, 480-92.

An important reassessment of the rationale for features of the criminal justice system. The author looks at various safeguards that have traditionally been extended to accused persons (e.g. right of silence) and questions their relevance for contemporary criminal law. He also looks at the 'rights of the prosecution' and asks whether these should not be strengthened.

AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY. United Nations Human Rights Training Course on Human Rights Guarantees in the Administration of Criminal justice. Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, 1983. Pp. iv + 50. ISBN 0 642 8816 2.

Summary of proceedings of the sixth such UN Training Course, held in Canberra in 1981. At this course a number of papers, available in xerox or mimeographic forms, were presented on human rights in several countries, including Japan, Korea and Burma.

AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY. United Nations Training Course on Human Rights in the Administration of Criminal justice. Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, 1978. Pp. 51. ISBN 0 642 91587 3.

A report on the proceedings of a UN course held in Canberra from November–December 1976. Bibliography pp. 46-51.

AUSTRALIAN LAW REFORM COMMISSION. Criminal Investigation (Report No. 2). Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1975. Pp. xxiii + 224.

ISBN 0 642 01792 1.

A valuable survey and critique together with recommendations, of all areas of the investigatory process — Arrest, Custody and Detention, Questioning and the Right to Silence, Bail, Search, Surveillance and Entrapment. It also contains chapters on the use of criminal intelligence data and the special problems of various minority groups. Appendixes include a draft Criminal Investigation Bill and other proposed legislation. Although the report focuses on the role of the Federal Police in Australia it draws on material from the States, U. S., Canada, U. K. and New Zealand. Bibliography pp. 214-17.

AUSTRALIAN LAW REFORM COMMISSION. Sentencing of Federal Offenders (Report No. 15). Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1980. Pp. liv + 636.

ISBN 0 642 03438 9.

Civil and political rights 247

The editors have brought together a large number of readings which they consider 'reflects the rapid progress that has been made in the study of the criminal justice system in England during the last decade' (i.e. 1970s). The book provides a valuable introduction to the area of critical and social studies of criminal justice. Readings are divided into six sections: Police, Negotiated Justice before Trial, Trial and Conviction, Sentencing and the Evaluation of Penal Measures, Judicial vs Executive Discretion in Criminal Justice.

BALDWIN, JOHN & MCCONVILLE, MICHAEL. Negotiated justice: Pressures to Plead Guilty. London, Martin Robertson, 1977. Pp. xvi + 128. ISBN 0 85520 171 1.

An empirical study of the extent of 'plea bargaining' in the Birmingham Crown Court. The authors conclude that the criminal justice system is vitiated by what they term the operation of 'the discount system' whereby those who plead guilty receive a lighter sentence. Bibliography pp.121-6.

BARTON, PETER G. 'The Right to a Public Trial in Criminal Proceedings'. (1982) 12 Manitoba Law journal, 129-46.

BASTEN, JOHN, RICHARDSON, MARK, RONALDS, CHRIS & ZDENKOWSKI, GEORGE (eds). The Criminal Injustice System. Sydney, Australian Legal Workers Group and Legal Service Bulletin, 1982. Pp. xi + 321. ISBN 0 95947 2711.

Part I deals with Police Interrogation and includes: Wendy Bacon and Robyn Lansdowne, 'Women homicide offenders and police interrogation'; Neil Rees, 'Police Interrogation of Aborigines'; Neil Rees, 'The rules governing police interrogation of children'; Mark Dimelow, 'Police verbals in N. S. W.'; Nina Stevenson, 'Criminal cases in the N. S. W. District Court: a pilot study'. Part II deals with Trial procedure: protection, representation and jury and includes the following chapters: Kevin O'Connor, 'Controlling Prosecutions'; W. B. Lane, 'Fair trial and the adversary system; withholding of exculpatory evidence by prosecutors'; Peter Cashman, 'Representation in criminal cases'; John Willis, 'The declining role of the jury'. Part III is entitled 'The politics of reform' with the following chapters: Peter Sallmann, 'The Beach Report resurrected: reason for hope or despair?'; Peter Applegarth, 'Police Malpractice: a judicial response'; Peter Duncan, 'Achieving law ref;Tit'.

BEDDARD, R. Human Rights in Europe. London, Sweet & M2xwell, 1980, pp. 106-16.

ISBN 0 421 26440 3. ISBN 0 421 26450 0.

BENNUN, M. E. 'Publicity for Criminal Trials', in J.^/W. Bridge et al. (eds), Fundamental Rights. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1973, pp. 175-88. ISBN 0 421 19130 9.

BILES, DAVID (ed.). Crime and Justice in Australia. Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, 1977. Pp. 198.

This book sets out 'to bring together the basic facts and figures on crime, police courts and correctional practices in the six States and two ,Territories of Australia'. There is an introductory chapter on crime and criminology whiarsets-out af.kamework for the rest of the book. Then follow five chapters dealing with crime rates, police fortes, criminal courts,

prisons and prisoners. There is a chapter on Aborigines and criminal justice, a penultimate chapter on criminological research and finally a chapter on likely developments. A clearly written book which is mainly descriptive.

BOTTOMS, A. E. 8z MCCLEAN, J. D. Defendants in the Criminal Process. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. Pp. xxiii + 242 + 24.

A study of the U. K. criminal system, which highlights various deficiencies: archaic distinctions, procedures, delay and bail proceedings.

BYLES, A. & MORRIS, P. Unmet Need: The Case of the Neighbourhood Law Centre. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Pp. xi + 95.

248 Bibliography

CAPPELLETTI, MAURO (ed.). Access to Justice. 4 vols. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff &

Noordhoff; Milan, Dott A. Giuffre Editore, 1978. Vol. 1 (2 Books). Pp. lxvii + 1037. ISBN 90 286 0378 6. Vol. 2 (2 Books). Pp. xxxi + 903. ISBN 90 286 0388 3. Vol. 3. Pp. xxxv + 603. ISBN 90 286 0398 O. Vol. 4. Pp. xv + 218.

ISBN 90 286 0408 1.

This four-volume work represents part of the Florence Access-to-Justice Project. The first volume is a world survey of the subject by a series of national reporters (Australia's Reporter is G. D. S. Taylor). There are 23 countries represented from a variety of political persuasions. Volume 2 looks at a variety of solutions that have been adopted to facilitate 'access': mediation and conciliation; improving court procedures; small claims and consumer problems; methods of protecting the public interest. There are a series of detailed studies of specific institutions. Volume 3 involves 'applied comparative law' — with what morals can be drawn from the practice of other legal systems in quite different social and cultural settings. Volume 4 includes anthropological studies of dispute settlement. The vast amount of material of a consistently high quality makes these books a valuable resource for those concerned with problems in the administration of justice.

CAPPELLETTI, MAURO, GORDLEY, JAMES 8Z JOHNSTON, EARL JR. Toward Equal Justice: A Comparative Study of Legal Aid in Modern Societies. Milan, Guiffre; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1975. Pp. xxvi + 756.

The book consists of a text on the emergence and future of legal aid and a collection of materials on contemporary legal aid systems (nearly 500 pages). The materials cover not only Western Europe and North America but also the Soviet Union and a brief coverage of Africa, Latin America, Asia and Oceania. The text consists of a history, the comparison of three different legal aid systems: U. S. S. R., legal aid as a legal right (England and West Germany), legal aid as a welfare right (United States). The final part of the text compares the method of compensating private lawyers with the method of establishing neighbourhood law offices. Comprehensive international bibliography.

CARNEY, TERRY. 'Social Security Reviews and Appeals in Australia'. (1982) 1 Australian Journal of Law and Society, 32-55.

CASTBERG. FREDE. The European Convention on Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, Oceana, 1974, pp. 111-28. ISBN 90 286 0503 7 (Sijthoff).

ISBN 0 379 00202 7 (Oceana).

COHEN, STANLEY A. Due Process of Law: The Canadian System of Criminal Justice. Toronto, Carswell, 1977. Pp. xxxvi + 429. ISBN 0 459 31730 X.

A decriptive study of the components of due process in Canada. Has chapters on the meaning of 'due process'; police powers and interrogation; the prosecutor's discretion; judicial discretion; the doctrine of 'abuse of process'. Good bibliography of Canadian material

(pp. 407-17).

CRIMINAL LAW AND PENAL METHODS REFORM COMMITTEE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Third

DAWSON, J. B. 'The Exclusion of Unlawfully Obtained Evidence: a Comparative Study'. (1982) 31 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 513-49.

Exclusion is a method whereby courts seek to control the investigatory activities of the police. In this study the author considers the position in the U. S., Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand.

DUCHACEK, I. D. Rights and Liberties in the World Today: Constitutional Promise and

Civil and political rights 249
Reality. Santa Barbara, California, ABC Clio, 1973, pp. 133-47. ISBN 0 87436 112 5.

DUGARD, C. Human Rights and the South African Legal Order. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978, ch. 7 and 8. ISBN 0 691 09236 2.

EVANS, GARETH. The Politics of justice (Pamphlet No. 33). Melbourne, Victorian Fabian Society, 1981. Pp. 24. ISBN 0 909953 14 7.

FELLMAN, DAVID. The Defendant's Rights Today. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.

This is an analysis of the constitutional rights of persons accused of crime as those rights have been expanded and modified through the 1970s in the U. S.

FORCE, R. 'The Bill of Rights and the Courts: Imperfect and Incomplete Protection of Human Rights in Criminal Cases'. (1981) 56 Tulane Law Review, 148-85.

FRANCK, T. M. & FAIRLEY, H. S. 'Procedural Due Process in Human Rights Fact-Finding by International Agencies'. (1980) 74 American Journal of International Law, 308-45.

FRIEDLAND, M. L. (ed.). Courts and Trials: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1975. Pp. xi + 161. ISBN 0 8020 2188 3.

Nine essays oriented towards the Canadian experience but ranging more widely, present different perspectives on the criminal process. Of particular interest is Donald Smiley's essay 'Courts, legislatures and the protection of human rights' (pp. 89-101).

GALLOWAY, JOHN (ed.). The Supreme Court and the Rights of the Accused. New York, Facts on File, 1973.

This is a review of Supreme Court decisions of the 1960s and early 1970s dealing with the rights of persons accused of crime: counsel, cross-examination of witnesses, obtaining witnesses, speedy trial, double jeopardy, confessions, searches and seizures, self-incrimination, capital punishment, plea bargaining, eyewitness identification, non-unanimous verdicts in state courts and the rights of juveniles. It includes extensive excerpts from Supreme Court opinions.

GLAZEBROOK, P. R. (ed.). Reshaping the Criminal Law. London, Stevens & Sons, 1978. Pp. xii + 492. ISBN 0 420 45540 X.

An important collection of essays many of which deal with critical rights issues in the area of criminal law and procedure: D. G. T. Williams, 'Official Secrecy and the Courts'; J. R. Spencer, 'The Press and the Reform of Criminal Libel'; Michael Zander, 'The Right of Silence in the Police Station and the Caution'; J. L. J. Edwards, 'The Integrity of Criminal Prosecutions — Watergate Echoes beyond the Shores of the United States'; Nigel Walker, 'Punishing, Denouncing or Reducing Crime?'; Michael H. Toury & Norval Morris, 'Sentencing Reform in America'.

GOLDBERG, B.' "Interpretation" of "Due Process of Law" —A Study in Futility'. (1982) 13 Pacific Law Journal, 365-405.

GORA, JOEL M. Due Process of Law. Skokie, Illinois, National Textbook Co., 1977. Pp. ix + 266. LC 76 14260.

Comprehensive guide to U. S. Supreme Court's rulings on due process.

GORELICK, JAMIE S. 'Pretrial Diversion: the Threat of Expanding Social Control'. (1975) 10 Harvard Civil Rights — Civil Liberties Law Review, 180-214.

GREAT BRITAIN, ROYAL COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (Sir Cyril Philips, Chairman). Report (Cmnd 8092). London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1981. Pp. xii + 241. ISBN 010 180920 4.

250 Bibliography
A most important document stating the conclusions and recommendations of a thorough inquiry. The Report deals with the problem of establishing a balance between the protection of the rights of the community at large and the rights of the individual citizen. The impact of social change on criminal procedure, the adequacy of police powers are assessed in the light of research reports carried out especially for the Commission. The Report deals with such matters as 'the right to silence', police investigation and interrogation, entry, search and seizure,

arrest. Part II of the Report deals with the prosecution of offenders: the prosecutor's role and discretion, 'openness' and 'fairness' of the proceedings.

GRIFFITHS, JOHN. 'Ideology in Criminal Procedure or A Third "Model" of the Criminal Process'. (1970) 79 Yale Law journal, 359-417.

Contrasts an adversary or 'battle' model of criminal procedure with a preferred conciliatory or 'family' model.

GRIFFITHS, JOHN & HARMAN, HARRIET. justice Deserted. London, National Council of Civil Liberties, 1979.

Deals with the practice of jury vetting.

HARRIS, D. 'Right to a Fair Trial in Criminal Proceedings as a Human Right'. (1967) 16 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 352-78.

HORVATH, B. 'Rights of Man — Due Process of Law and Exces de Pouvoir'. (1955) 4 American Journal of Comparative Law, 539-73.

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION. Review of Crimes Act 1914 and Other Crimes Legislation of the Commonwealth (Report No. 5). Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1983. Pp. yiii + 44.

KIRBY, MICHAEL. 'Control Over Investigation of Offences and Pre-Trial Treatment of Suspects'. (1980) 53 Australian Law Journal, 626-47.

KIRBY, MICHAEL. 'Sentencing Reform', in M. Kirby, Reform the Law. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1983, pp. 128-55. ISBN 0 554395 5.

LOOF, P. R. Australian Discussion Paper Topic 5: United Nations Norms and Guidelines in Criminal justice From Standard Setting to Implementation. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1980. ISBN 0 642 04818 5.

A paper given at UN Congress on Crime Prevention and the Treatment of Offenders, Sydney, 1980.

LOWE, N. V. & RAWLINGS, H. F. 'Tribunals and the Laws Protecting the Administration of Justice'. (1982) Public Law, 418-50.

Considers the question: 'What is and should be the ambit of the laws protecting the administration of justice?', especially in the light of the contemporary proliferation of tribunals and administrative bodies. Looks at the position in U. K.

Lusxv, Louis. 'Public Trial and Public Right: the Missing Bottom Line'. (1980) 8 Hofstra Law Review, 273-323.

MAKI, L. J. 'General Principles of Human Rights Law Recognized by All Nations: Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Detention'. (1980) 10 California Western International Law Journal, 272-313.

MCBARNET, DOREEN J. Conviction: Law, the State and the Construction of justice. London, Macmillan, 1981. Pp. vi + 182.

The author is a sociologist and the central aim of her book is to attack the distinction between 'law in action' and law in the books'. Drawing on empirical research, she attempts to show that it is the law itself and not simply its mode of implementation that denies defendants justice.

Civil and political rights 251

In the first half of the book using empirical data the authors argue that 'identification and final disposition [of weak cases] are unnecessarily delayed. . . Cases perish by slow torture when what is required is a swift and early application of the executioner's axe'. The second part of the book shows the central importance of pre-trial interrogation by the police in determining the ultimate result of the case.

MCGOVERN, E. T. 'Internment and Detention without Trial in the Light of the European Convention on Human Rights', in J. W. Bridge et al. (eds), Fundamental Rights. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1973, pp. 219-231. ISBN 0 421 19130 9.

MCILWAIN, C. H. 'Due Process of Law in Magna Carta'. (1914) 14 Columbia Law Review, 26-51.

NEASEY, F. M. 'The Rights of the Accused and the Interests of the Community'. (1969) 43 Australian Law journal, 482-512.

NEW, E. B. 'The Fifth Amendment and Compelled Psychiatric Examinations: Implications of Estelle v. Smith'. (1982) 50 George Washington Law Review, 275-303.

NEWMAN, FRANK C. 'Natural Justice, Due Process and the New International Covenants on Human Rights'. (1967) Public Law, 274-313.

NOOR MUHAMMAD, H. N. A. 'Due Process of Law for Persons Accused of Crimes', in Louis Henkin (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 138-65.

ISBN 0 231 05180 8.

PACKER, HERBERT L. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. California, Stanford University Press, 1969. Pp. xi + 385.

PATTENDEN, ROSEMARY. The Judge, Discretion and the Criminal Trial. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp. xv + 299. ISBN 0 19 825373 7.

Though rather technical in presentation, does deal with important tensions between the certainty of the rule of law and the flexibility of judicial discretion.

PENNOCK, J. ROLAND & CHAPMAN, JOHN W. (eds). Due Process (Nomos XVIII). New York, New York University Press, 1977. Pp. xxxiii + 362. ISBN 0 8147 6369 6.

This represents an important contribution to grappling with theoretical aspects of the concept of 'due process'. The twelve essays are very much addressed to the U. S. context, but the analyses can be carried over into Anglo-Australian areas as is shown by Geoffery Marshall's lucid essay 'Due Process in England'. Miller's essay gives an historical description of the development of due process in U. S. Part II of the collection contains six essays that examine the connection between due process and principles of morality. These essays are written by lawyers and philosophers. Part III of the collection considers due process and democratic majority rule. The introduction by Pennock provides a rich survey of the jurisprudence of due process.

POLLOCK, SETON. Legal Aid — The First Twenty-Five Years. London, Oyez, 1975. Pp. xiii + 194.

The author was for many years the Secretary of the Law Society for Legal Aid. He surveys the development of what he considers is . . without question, the most comprehensive and effective of the Legal Aid schemes to be found anywhere in the world'. The central argument

of the book is that legal aid should establish equality before the law and not merely reduce inequalities. In this light he is also critical of the system in his discussion of 'Controversial Issues'.

252 Bibliography

ROBERTSON, A. H. Human Rights in Europe. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1977, pp. 59-76. ISBN 0 7090 0658 9.

SCUTT, J. A. 'Criminal Investigation and the Rights of Victims of Crime'. (1979) 14 University of Western Australia Law Review, 1-29.

SCUTT, J. A. 'Victims, Offenders and Restitution: Real Alternative or Panacea?'. (1982) 56 Australian Law Journal, 156-67.

SMYTHE, BERNARD. 'The Report of the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure I: The Investigation of Offences'. (1981) Public Law, 184-205.

SMYTHE, BERNARD. 'The Report of the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure II: The Prosecution of Offences'. (1981) Public Law, 481-96.

SYMPOSIUM. 'The Attorney General's Task Force on Violent Crime'. (1982) 73(3) I ournal of Criminal Law and Criminology.

Eleven articles dealing with various aspects of the problem: exclusionary rules and the right to silence, ombudsman and criminal procedure, habeas corpus.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Community Justice Centres'. (1982) 51 University of Sydney Institute of Criminology Proceedings, 1-108.

Contains the following papers, together with discussion: Kevin Anderson, 'Community Justice Centres in N. S. W.'; Wendy Faulkes, 'Mediators and Mediation'; Roman Tomasic, 'Formalized "Informal" Justice — A Critical Perspective on Mediation Centres'; and three short discussion papers on women in dispute resolution, mediation and a comment on Tomasic's paper.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Compensation and Restitution for Victims of Crime'. (1975) 25 University of Sydney Institute of Criminology Proceedings.

SYMPOSIUM. 'The Criminal Trial on Trial'. (1983) 53 University of Sydney Institute of Criminology Proceedings, 1-11.

Contains the following papers, together with discussion: G. D. Woods, 'Reforming the Criminal Trial Process'; Peter A. Sallmann, 'An Examination of some Criticisms of the Criminal Trial'; J. A. Lee, 'The Criminal Trial. The Expanding Role of the Judge'; and five short discussion papers on perception of delays, procedural reforms, the jury and the voir dire.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Problems of Delay in Criminal Proceedings'. (1980) 42 University of Sydney Institute of Criminology Proceedings, 1-136.

Contains the following papers, together with discussion: John Hogan, 'Problems of Delay in Criminal Proceedings in the Supreme and District Courts'; B. R. Brown, 'Problems of Delay in Criminal Proceedings in the Magistrates Courts'; G. L. Certoma, 'A Procedural Remedy to Delay in Criminal Proceedings in the Lower Courts: A Comparative Reflection'.

WARDLAW, G. 'The Human Rights of Victims in the Criminal Justice System'. (1979) 12 Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 145-52.

WEINREB, LLOYD. Denial of justice: Criminal Process in the United States. New York, The Free Press, Macmillan, 1977. Pp. xi + 177.

A provocative critique of U. S. criminal process. The author argues that . . our thinking about criminal justice is dominated by an abstract model which has little relation to what actually happens'. The author looks at such matters as plea bargaining, bail, jury vetting.

ZALMAN, M. 'The Future of Criminal Justice Administration and Its Impact on Civil Liberties'. (1980) 8journal of Criminal justice, 275-86.

Civil and political rights 253

FINDLATER, J. E. 'Retrial After a Hung Jury: Double Jeopardy Problem'. (1981) 129 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 701-37.

Argues that retrial after a hung jury is contrary to U. S. Contribution's Fifth Amendment clause against double jeopardy.

FRIEDLAND, MARTIN L. Double jeopardy. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1969. Pp. xxviii + 439.

GOVERNMENT APPEALS ON SENTENCE. 'Double Talk with the Double Jeopardy Clause?'. (1982) 9 Ohio Northern University Law Review, 385-436.

Natural justice

BOYLE, ALAN. 'Administrative Law and the European Convention on Human Rights'. (1982) Public Law, 218-25.

DAVIS, KENNETH GULP. Discretionary justice. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1969. Pp. xii + 233. ISBN 0 252 00153 2.

A seminal work identifying previously little recognised areas of discretion in the administration of justice. Analysing examples from U.S. law and politics, the author argues that it is essential to find ways of minimising discretionary injustice.

FLICK, GEOFFERY A. Natural justice. Sydney, Butterworths, 1979. Pp. xxx + 175. ISBN 0 409 35260 8.

A comprehensive account of the law of natural justice as it applies in Australia. The account is almost purely descriptive. Bibliography pp. 171-2.

HUTLEY, F. C. 'Bias and Suspicion of Bias'. (1980) 4 Criminal Law journal, 200-9. Argues for a restricted concept of 'bias' which would vitiate a decision by a judge or magistrate. LASKIN, B. 'The Judge and Due Process'. (1972) 5 Manitoba Law journal, 235-8.

MULLAN, D. J. 'Fairness: The New Natural Justice?'. (1975) 25 University of Toronto Law journal, 281-316.

The author describes and defends the judicial development of a 'duty to act fairly' on the part of the administration and other non-judicial bodies. He focuses on the development of this doctrine in Canada and the U. K.

MUMMERY, DAVID R. 'Due Process and Inquisitions'. (1981) 97 Law Quarterly Review, 287-333.

The authors considers the question of the right of a person to be charged and tried by a court of law and not by a commission. He considers among other things the propriety of the Finnane and Woodward inquiries in Australia. There is an interesting argument that these inquiries may well have been in violation of the Act for the Abolition of Star Chamber (1640).

SALLMAN, P. A. 'The Guilty Plea As An Element In Sentencing'. (1980) 54 Law Institute Journal, 105-112 (Part I); 185-9 (Part II).

WESTLING, W. T. 'Plea Bargaining: A Forecast for the Future'. (1975) 7 Sydney Law Review, 424-32.

254 Bibliography
Right to bail

ARES, C. et al. 'The Manhattan Bail Project: An Interim Report on the use of Pre-Trial Parole'. (1963) New York University Law Review, 67-95.

HAYES, M. 'Where Now the Right to Bail?'. (1981) Criminal Law Review, 20-4.

KENNEDY, E. M. 'New Approach to Bail Release: the Proposed Federal Criminal Code and Bail Reform'. (1980) 48 Fordham Law Review, 423-36.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Bail'. (1969) 7 University of Sydney Institute of Criminology Proceedings,

1-119.

WHEELER, G. R. & WHEELER, C. L. 'Bail Reform in the 1980's: A Response to the Critics'. (1982) 18 Criminal Law Bulletin, 228-40.

ZANDER, MICHAEL. 'Bail: A Re-Appraisal'. (1967) Criminal Law Review, 25-39.

Right to counsel

CASS, M. & WESTERN, _J. S. Legal Aid and Legal Need. Canberra, Commonwealth Legal Aid Commission, 1980. Pp. 138. ISBN 0 642 89729 8.

Evaluation of legal aid facilities.

ELSE-MITCHELL, R. 'Legal Aid and the Judicial System'. (1983) 57 Australian Law Journal, 439-59.

HANKS, PETER. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Legal Aid Programs: A Discussion of Issues,

Pp. 67. ISBN 0 642 89729 8.

SACKVILLE, R. 'Human Rights, the Poor, and the Legal System'. (1975) 6 justice, 42-8.

TAMAN, L. 'The Adversary Process of Trial: Full Answer and Defence and the Right to Counsel'. (1975) 13 Osgoode Hall Law journal, 251-77.

TIRUCHELVAM, NEELAN. 'The Legal Needs of the Poor: Towards an Alternative Model of Group Advocacy', in Development, Human Rights and the Rule of Law: Report of a Conference held in The Hague on 27 April—May 1981 convened by the International Commission of jurists. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1981, pp. 199-206.

Right to silence

BERGER, MARK. Taking the Fifth. Lexington Books, 1980. Pp. x + 286.

An account of the U. S. law on the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination.

GERSTEIN, ROBERT S. `Privacy and Self-Incrimination'. (1970) 80 Ethics, 87-101.

GLASBEEK, H. J. & PRENTICE, D. D. 'The Criminal Suspect's Illusory Right of Silence in the British Commonwealth'. (1968) 53 Cornell Law Review, 473-95.

GRAHAM, FRED P. The Self-Inflicted Wound. New York, Macmillan, 1970.

Examines the incorporation of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights into the due process clause

Civil and political rights 255
of the U.S. Constitution. The author views the decision in Miranda v. Arizona, protecting the

rights of accused persons to silence and to counsel, as 'a serious self-inflicted wound' on the system of criminal justice.

HARDING, R. W. 'Balancing Tyrannies in the Administration of Criminal Justice: the Right to Remain Silent'. (1978) 52 Australian Law Journal, 145-50.

KAMISAR, YALE. Police Interrogation and Confessions: Essays in Law and Policy. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1980. Pp. xx + 323.

A series of essays that offer detailed analyses of leading U. S. Supreme Court decisions over the last two decades. The author argues among other things that unless rigorous standards of fairness are applied before trial the enforcement of standards during the trial will be pointless.

LORD MACDERMOTT. 'The Interrogation of Suspects in Custody'. (1968) 21 Current Legal Problems, 1-22.

MARTIN, G. A. 'Self-Incrimination in Canada'. (1960-1961) 3 Criminal Law Quarterly, 431-42.

Miranda v. Arizona 384 United States Reports 436 (1966)

The due process clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that accused persons be notified of their right to counsel before being asked to answer questions, hence making the right to silence more effective.

NEASEY, F. M. 'The Right to Remain Silent'. (1977) 51 Australian Law journal, 360-71.

RATUSHNY, E. 'Is There a Right Against Self-Incrimination in Canada?'. (1973) 19 McGill Law journal, 1-77.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Police Questioning and Confessional Statements'. (1974) 18 University of Sydney Institute of Criminology Proceedings.

SYMPOSIUM. 'The Right to Silence'. (1973) 17 University of Sydney Institute of Criminology Proceedings.

TEH, G. L. 'The Criminal Suspect's Right to Silence: A Hallowed Shibboleth'. (1973) 4 University of Tasmania Law Review, 113-36.

WALKER, C. P. 'An Exploration of the "Right to Silence" '.(1980) 9 Anglo-American Law Review, 257-78.

YEO, MENG HEONG. 'Diminishing the Right to Silence: The Singapore Experience'. (1983) Criminal Law Review, 89-101.

Freedom of religion, thought and conscience

See also —

Civil and political rights (p. 176): Freedom of expression (p. 221); Discrimination (p. 260): Racial

discrimination (Aborigines, indigenous peoples and minorities) (p. 269), Religious discrimination (p. 309)

Related issues —

Adelaide Company of Jehovah's Witnesses Incorporated v. Commonwealth

In this case, the Adelaide company of the Jehovah's Witnesses relied, in part, upon s. 116 of the Australian constitution in challenging the validity of the National Security (Subversive Association) Regulations.

256 Bibliography
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR: Their Treatment and Conditions. 2nd edn. Sydney, Amnesty International, Australian Section, 1980. Pp. 217. ISBN 0 909382 33 6.

BERMAN, H. J. The Interaction of Law and Religion. Bloomsbury Street London, SCM Press Ltd., 1974. Pp. 174.

BOOTHBY, L. & NIXON, R. W. 'Religious Accommodation: An Often Delicate Task'. (1982) 57 Notre Dame Lawyer, 797-808.

CASTBERG, FREDE. The European Convention on Human Rights. Leiden, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1974, pp. 146-9. ISBN 90 286 0503 7 (Sijthoff).

ISBN 0 379 00202 7 (Oceana).

CHIPMAN, LAUCHLAN et al. Conscience and the Law. Melbourne, Heinemann Educational, 1974.

CHOPER, J. H. 'Defining "Religion" in the first Amendment'. (1982) University of Illinois Law Review, 579-614.

Church of the New Faith v . Commissioner for Payroll Tax. [1983] Victorian Reports 97-142 (Full Supreme Court of Victoria), (1983) 57 Australian Law Journal Reports 785, (1983) 49 Australian Law Reports 65 (High Court).

The Victorian Supreme Court held the Church (scientology) not to be a religious institution. The High Court reversed this decision, widening the legal definition of religion and hence broadening the ambit of s. 116 of the Constitution.

CLARK, R. 'The United Nations and Religious Freedom. (1979) 11 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 197-225.

CLAYDON, J. 'The Treaty Protection of Religious Rights: UN Draft Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief'. (1972) 12 Santa Clara Law Review, 403-23.

COWEN, ZELMAN. 'Religious Restraints in Wills'. (1944) 17 Australian Law Journal, 374-80.

CUMBRAE-STEWART, F. D. 'Section 116 of the Constitution'. (1946) 20 Australian Law Journal, 207-12.

DUCHACEK, I. D. Rights and Liberties in the World Today: Constitutional Promise and Reality. Santa Barbara, Calif., ABC Clio, 1973. Pp. 61-6. ISBN 0 87436 112 5.

FELLMAN, DAVID. Religion in American Public Law. Boston, Boston University Press, 1965.

This is a short analysis of judicial interpretation of the religion clauses of the First Amendment.

FERGUSON, R. M. 'Freedom of Religion: A Critical Look at Certain Passages of the Human Rights Bill'. (1974) 20 Trowel and Sword, 8-13.

HEFF, S. C. 'An Evolving International Norm of Religious Freedom: Problems and Prospects'. (1977) 7 California Western International Law journal, 543-90.

HOGAN, MICHAEL. 'Separation of Church and State: Section 116 of the Australian Constitution'. (1981) 53 Australian Quarterly, 214-28.

This is a valuable article because it sketches the history of the relationship between Church and State in Australia. The article also clearly explains the differences between the Australiar. and American constitutional sections dealing with freedom of religion.

Civil and political rights 257

LEPARULO, L. S. 'The Rights of Student Religious Groups Under the First Amendment to Hold Religious Meetings on the Public University Campus'. (1981) 33 Rutgers Law Review, 1008-53.

MCDOUGAL, M. S., LASSWELL, H. D. & CHEN, L. 'The Rights to Religious Freedom and World Public Order: The Emerging Norm of Non-Discrimination'. (1976) 74 Michigan Law Review, 865-98.

MCLAUGHLIN, M. 'Freedom of Religion as a Defence to a Section 1981 Action Against a

PANNAM, CLIFFORD L. 'Section 116 and the Federal Territories'. (1961) 35 Australian Law Journal, 209-17.

PANNAM, CLIFFORD L. 'Travelling Section 116 with a US Road Map'. (1963) 4 Melbourne University Law Review, 41-90.

PARTSCH, K. J. 'Freedom of Conscience and Expression and Political Freedoms', in L. Henkin (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, pp. 209-45.

ISBN 0 231 05180 8.

'Place of Human Rights in Different Religious Perspectives'. (1981) 2 Human Rights Teaching, 8-41.

'Religious Liberty in Peril'. (1974) 5 Protestant Review, 4(28)-5(29).

Reynolds v. United States 98 United States Reports 145 (1978).

A Mormon polygamy case in which the United States Supreme Court declared that Congress is deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion but is left free to reach actions which are in violation of social rules or subversive of good order.

SHEEN, JULIET. Report from Caesar: The NSW Anti-Discrimination Board's Report on Religious Discrimination (paper delivered to the Australian Association for the Study of Religion's 7th Annual Conference. Melbourne 13-16 August, 1982). Pp. 20.

SHEEN_; JULIET. 'Who Pays the Church? Question Marks over Church — State Separation'. (May 1983) 2(4) Australian Society, 13-14.

SRI LANKA FOUNDATION. Religion and Culture in the Development of Human Rights in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka Foundation, 1982. Pp. 163.

UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly Resolution on the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. (November 25, 1981), A/RES/36/55.

258 Bibliography

The majority of the U. S. Supreme Court decided in this case that a Winsconsin Statute which required (Amish) people to attend school till 16 years cannot be justified by a compelling interest.

Conscientious objection

Fox, R. P. 'Conscientious Objection to War: the Background and a Current Appraisal'. (1982) 31 Cleveland State Law Review, 77-106.

FREEMAN, HARROP A. 'A Remonstrance for Conscience'. (1958) 106 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 806-30.

McCowN, C. C. 'Conscience v. The State'. (1944) 32 California Law Review, 1-30.

REABURN, NORMAN S. 'Conscientious Objection and the Particular War'. (1969) 43 Australian Law Journal, 317-29.

SWEENEY, GAIL WHITE. 'Conscientious Objection and the First Amendment'. (1980) 14 Akron Law Review, 71-84.

TAYLOR, G. D. S. 'Reform of the Conscientious Objector Exemption'. (1970) 44 Australian Law Journal, 456-66.

Civil disobedience and symbolic speech

ALFANGE, DEAN JR. 'Free Speech and Symbolic Conduct: The Draft-Card Burning Case'. (1968) Supreme Court Review, 1-52.

ALLEN, FRANCIS A. 'Civil Disobedience and the Legal Order'. (1967) 36 University of Cincinnati Law Review, 175-95.

BATES, G. M. 'Protecting Tasmania's Wilderness. Can the Law Help?'. (1982) 7 Legal Service Bulletin, 258-61.

BEDAU, HUGO A. (ed.). Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice. New York, Pegasus, 1969. Pp. 282.

An important collection of excerpts, papers and other material dealing with both the

philosophical and more practical political aspects of civil disobedience. The discussion is set mainly in a U. S. context.

BLACKSHIELD, A. R. 'The Right to Dissent', in University of New South Wales, Law and Authority in an Age of Protest. Sydney, 1972, pp. 36-41.

CHILDRESS, J. F. Civil Disobedience and Political Obligation. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1971.

COHEN, CARL, FREEMAN, HARROP A. & VAN DEN HAAG, ERNEST. 'Civil Disobedience and the Law'. (1967) 21 Rutgers Law Review, 1-42.

COHN, HAIM A. 'The Right and Duty of Resistance'. (1968) 41 Human Rights Journal/Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 491-517.

'Freedom to Break the Law'. (1970) 44 Australian Law Journal, 401-2.

HALL, ROBERT T. The Morality of Civil Disobedience. New York, Harper & Row, 1971. Pp. xiii + 162.

Civil and political rights 259
HAMLIN, D. M. 'Swastikas and Survivors: Inside the Skokie-Nazi Free Speech Case'. (1978) 4 Civil Liberties Law Review, 8-33.

KADISH, M. & KADISH, S. Discretion to Disobey. A Study of Lawful Departures from Legal Rules. Stanford, ntanford University Press, 1973. Pp. x + 241. ISBN 0 8047 0832 O.

MARCIC, RENE. 'The Persistence of Right-Law'. (1973) LIX/I Archiv fur Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, 87-116.

MARSHALL, GEOFFREY. Constitutional Theory. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 195-222.

MURPHY, J. G. (ed.). Civil Disobedience and Violence. Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1971. Pp. 151. ISBN 0 534 0051 7.

A collection of essays and excerpts from philosophers which comprise an excellent introduction to the issues that cluster around the topic of civil disobedience.

POLLACK, ERWIN H. (ed.). Human Rights. Buffalo, Gary Stewart Publications, 1971. Pp. xviii + 419.

RUCKER, DANIEL. 'The Moral Grounds of Civil Disobedience'. (1966) 76 Ethics, 142-5.

SINGER, PETER. Democracy and Disobedience. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973. Pp. viii + 150.

The author considers the nexus between democracy and the obligation to obey the law and the limits of civil disobedience under a democratic polity. A lucid philosophical study.

SYMPOSIUM. 'Law and Obedience'. (1981) 67 Virginia Law Review, 3-237.

Rolf Sartorius, 'Political Authority and Political Obligation', pp. 3-18; A. John Simmons, 'Response to R. Sartorius: Voluntarism and Political Associations', pp. 19-38; Tony Honore, 'Must We Obey? Necessity as a Ground of Obligation', pp. 39-62; David Lyons, 'Response to Tony Honore: Need, Necessity, and Political Obligation', pp. 63-78; Jeffrie G. Murphy, 'Consent, Coercion and Hard Choices', pp. 79-96; Lawrence C. Becker, 'Response to Jeffrie G. Murphy: Hard Choices are Enough', pp. 97-102; Joseph Raz, 'Authority and Consent', pp. 103-32; Robert L. Homes, 'Response to Joseph Raz: State-Legitimacy and the Obligation to Obey the Law', pp. 133-42; J. L. Mackie, 'Obligations to Obey the Law', pp. 143-58; John Marshall, 'Response to J. L. Mackie: Inventing the Obligation to Obey the Law',

pp. 159-76; Kent Greenawalt, 'Conflicts of Law and Morality — Institutions of Amelioration', pp. 177-236; George Rutherglen, 'Response to Kent Greenawalt: Conflicts of Law and Morality — The Relevance of Moral Reasoning', p. 237.

VAN DEN HAAG, ERNEST. Political Violence and Civil Disobedience. New York, Harper & Row, 1972. Pp. x + 123. ISBN_.06 131626 1.

WALZER, MICHAEL. 'The Obligation to Disobey'. (1967) 77 Ethics, 163-75.

WEBER, DAVID R. (ed.). Civil Disobedience in America. A Documentary History. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1978. Pp. 318. ISBN 0 8014 1017 7.

WOOZLEY, A. D. 'Civil Disobedience and Punishment'. (1975-1976) 86 Ethics, 323-31.

ZASHIN, ELLIOT M. Civil Disobedience and Democracy. New York, The Free Press; London, Collier Macmillan, 1972. Pp. xiii + 368.

ZWIEBACH, BURTON. Civility and Disobedience. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975. Pp. x + 241. ISBN 0 521 207011 8.

A philosophical theory of the obligation to obey the law, its limits, and the problem of civil disobedience.

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