Mwezi Tumia eneo hili kwa maneno yanayohusiana na mwezi

9.4.4.8 Don't think so, doubt it

(1) What words indicate that you think it is very unlikely that something is true or will happen?

• don't think, doubt, be doubtful, be dubious, I'd be surprised if, I think not, I wouldn't have thought so

9.4.4.9 Impossible

(1) What words indicate that something cannot be done?

• impossible, not possible, impracticable, there's no way, out of the question, hopeless, impractical

(2) What words indicate that your situation makes it impossible for you to do something?

• impossible, not have a hope, not stand a chance, can't possibly, that's out, with the best will in the world, do the impossible

(3) What words indicate that something cannot happen?

• impossible, not possible, can't, couldn't, impossibility, inconceivable, unthinkable, by any/no stretch of the imagination, there's no way

(4) What words indicate that something is impossible to get?

• unattainable, out of reach

(5) What words indicate that one thing makes something else impossible?

• make something impossible, rule out, preclude

(6) What words indicate that something is impossible?

• absurd, impenetrable, impervious, inaccessible, inoperable, insurmountable, no chance, no earthly way, outlandish, preposterous, ridiculous, unable, unachievable, unapproachable, undoable, unfeasible, unimaginable, unworkable,

9.4.4 Dhamira za ufahamu

(1) possibility: the speaker is indicating that the situation described in the proposition is possibly true. Some markers with this meaning also indicate future time: 'He may arrive late because of the weather; It may snow again tomorrow; She could have already taken it'.

• may, could,

(2) probability: the speaker is indicating that the situation described in the proposition is probably true. Some marker with this meaning also indicate future time. This is sometimes called the "Dubitative" in grammars: 'Paula should be home by now'.

• should,

(3) inferred certainty: the speaker infers from evidence that the proposition is true: 'They must have killed a bear here (I can see blood on the snow)'.

• must have,

(4) certainty: the speaker is emphasizing that the proposition is true.

• certainly,

(5) uncertainty: the speaker is emphasizing that s/he doesn't know that the proposition is true.

• might,

(6) indicative: main clause mood that also appears in questions. Contrasts with subjunctive, conditional, and imperative.

• [none in English]

9.4.5.1 Utathmini

(1) What words indicate who is evaluating the proposition?

• to, in my opinion,

(2) What words indicate that you heard what you are saying from someone else?

• according to, rumor has it, they say, people say, there is talk of, apparently, supposedly, be rumored to be,

9.4.5 Ushahidi

(1) direct evidence: the speaker claims to have witnessed the situation, but does not specify the type of sensory evidence.

• I was there and...,

(2) visual evidence: the speaker claims to have seen the situation described.

• with my own eyes I saw...,

(3) auditory evidence: the speaker claims to have heard the situation described.

• with my own ears I heard...,

(4) sensory evidence: the speaker claims to have physically sensed the situation described. This can be in opposition to one or both of the above senses (i.e. any other sense), or it can indicate sensory evidence that is not further specified (i.e. any sensory evidence).

•

(5) indirect evidence: the speaker claims not to have witnessed the situation, but does not specify further whether the evidence is reported or simply inferred.

• I wasn't there but...,

(6) reported evidence: the speaker claims to know of the situation described via verbal means, but does not specify whether it is second-hand, hearsay, or via folklore.

• I heard that...,

(7) second-hand evidence: the speaker claims to have heard of the situation described from someone who was a direct witness.

•

(8) evidence from hearsay: the speaker claims to have heard about the situation described, but not from a direct witness.

• it is rumored that...,

(9) evidence from folklore: the speaker claims that the situation described is part of established oral history (e.g., mythology).

• according to our ancestors...,

(10)

(11)

(12)