Mwezi Tumia eneo hili kwa maneno yanayohusiana na mwezi

9.4.6.1 No, not

(1) What words are used to negate the truth of something?

• no, none, not, nay, uh-uh, no one, nothing, never, nowhere, no indeed, by no means, certainly not, most certainly not, absolutely not, shake your head, negative

(2) What words are used to refer to the process of denying the truth of something?

• deny, denial, negate, negation, disavow, disavowal, contradict, contradiction, repudiate, repudiation

(3) What are the noun forms of these words?

•

9.4.6.2 Vitambulishi vonavyotazamia jibu la uthibitisho

(1) What words are used to indicate that an affirmative answer is expected to a question?

• n't,

9.4.6.3 Vitambulisho vinavyotazamia jibu la ukanushaji

(1) What words are used to indicate that a negative answer is expected to a question?

• n't...are you,

9.4.6 Yes

(1) What words are used to affirm the truth of something?

• yes, yeah, yea, indeed, true, that's true, it is true, verily, agreed, certainly, of course, that's right, I guess so, that is so, a-huh, nod your head, affirmative, positive

(2) What words are used to refer to the action of affirming the truth of something?

• affirm, affirmation, confirm, concur, agree, agreement

9.4.7 Subordinating particles

(1) subordinating: Often there are special verb forms or morphemes associated with the verb that occur obligatorily in subordinate clauses of certain types. The extent to which such morphemes can be said to have "meaning" varies, since they often co-occur with other markers of subordination. Their function is primarily to signal the type of subordinate clause.

•

(2) Complement clauses: A main verb may take as its direct object a clause. These are often referred to as "Noun clauses" or "Noun complements". The verb form of the subordinate clause is usually determined by the semantics of the main verb, so in this case, our meaning labels will just refer to the context. If a verb form occurs in the complements to words of thinking and believing, the meaning label will be complement to words of thinking and believing.

•

(3) complement to words of thinking

•

(4) complement to words of believing

•

(5) complement to words of saying

•

(6) complement to words of ordering (in English we use an infinitive with these words)

•

(7) complement to words of wanting (again in English these are done with infinitives)

•

(8) complement to words of emotion (surprise, regret, happiness, sadness, etc.; the complement proposition is presupposed to be true)

•

(9) complement to words of obligation

•

(10)

(11)

(12)

9.4.8 Kishazi elezi

Tumia eneo hili kwa maneno yanayodokeza kishazi elezi, yaani kishazi (au kirai) chenye uamilifu wa kielezi.

(1) There are a variety of adverbial clauses (other than conditional clauses) that sometimes require a special verb form. The meaning labels for these uses are coded according to the type of clause (purpose, concessive, etc.), whether any particular temporal deixis is part of the meaning, and under "co-occurrence restrictions," whether a particular conjunction is present. The types of clauses we might run into are:

•

(2) purpose: the clause states the purpose for which the main clause action is taking place. Often called a "final" clause: 'He was saving his money so that his son could go to college'.

• so that

(3) concessive: translated in English as 'although, even though, despite the fact that': 'She was saving her money, even though she was a wealthy woman'.

• although, even though, despite the fact that

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9.5.1.1 Mnufaishwa wa tukio

Use this domain for words that mark the beneficiary of an event. The sentence "John built a house for his father" is ambiguous. If the house was for his father to live in, then "for" would mark the 'Beneficiary of a patient', meaning that the house was for the father. If, on the other hand, the father was intending to build the house to sell, but couldn't due to an injury, then "for" would mark the 'Beneficiary of an event', meaning the father benefited from the building of the house.

(1) What words mark the beneficiary of an event?

• for, for (someone's) sake, for the sake of, for (someone's) benefit, for the benefit of

9.5.1.2 Uhusika wa ala

Tumia eneo hili ili kupata maneno yanayoeleza nomino au kiwakilishi cha kitu kinachotumiwa kutendea tendo la kitenzi.

(1) What words mark the instrument used to do something?

• with, using

9.5.1.3 Njia

Use this domain for words indicating the means by which something is done.

(1) What words indicate the means by which something is done?

• by, by means of

9.5.1.4 Way, manner

Use this domain for words indicating the way or manner in which something is done.

(1) What words indicate the way you do something or the way something is done?

• way, manner, style, fashion, how, thus, mode,

(2) What question words ask for the manner in which something is done?

• how,

(3) What words indicate that something is done in a particular way?

• in a ... way/manner/fashion, with, like, along ... lines, as if, as though, with an air of,

(4) What words indicate the way in which something happened?

• in,

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