Mwezi Tumia eneo hili kwa maneno yanayohusiana na mwezi
Nyakati za vitenzi zinazohusiana
Download 2.8 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- 9.4.1 Nyakati na hali za vitenzi
- 9.4.2.2 Cant
- 9.4.2.3 Lazima
- 9.4.2 Vipengele vya dhamira vinavyomhusu mtendi
- 9.4.3.1 Agizi
9.4.1.4 Nyakati za vitenzi zinazohusianaUse this section for verbal auxiliaries, affixes, adverbs, and particles that indicate relational tenses. Relational tenses describe situations where the reference time is not the same as the moment of speech. They may be combined with any of the tenses, either in the same morpheme or in combinations of morphemes. The following definitions are taken from Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. (1) resulting state (resultative): action in the past produces a state that persists into the present. • be... -en, (2) anterior continuing: past action continues into the present: 'I have waited over an hour' ( = and I'm still waiting). • have been... -ing, (3) anterior: the situation occurs prior to reference time, and is relevant to the situation at reference time. This is different from a simple past or perfective, where the situation is reported for its own sake and independent of its relevance to any other situation. • have... -en, (4) A form that signals a situation that is prior to and relevant to a past reference time will be coded with two meaning labels, past and anterior. • had... -en,
9.4.2.1 CanUse this domain for words indicating that someone can do something. (1) What words indicate that someone is able to do something? • can, know how to, be able to, have the ability to, capable, (2) What words refer to the ability of someone to do something? • ability, capability, prowess, (3) What words indicate that someone is not able to do something? • inability, unable, incapable,
(1) What words describe a person's inability to do a job? • can't do something, not be able to do something, cannot, be incapable of, not be capable of, be unable to do something, someone's inability to do something, incompetent, unqualified, unfitted, untrained, not be equipped, be ill-equipped, powerless, (2) Maneno gani hutaja ukosefu wa uwezo wa mtu wa kufanya kazi? • kutoweza
(1) What words indicate that something is necessary? • must, need to, have to, have got to (2) What words describe something that is necessary? • necessary, compulsory, essential, imperative, indispensable, inevitable, mandatory, obligatory, required, unavoidable, urgent, vital, (3) What words refer to something that is necessary? • necessity, need, obligation, prerequisite, requirement, (4) What words describe something that is not necessary? • unnecessary, extraneous, incidental, inessential, needless, nonessential, uncalled-for, unessential, unnecessary, unneeded,
(1) ability: the agent of the verb has the mental or physical ability to complete the action of the main verb. • (2) ability, mental: English: 'Melissa can speak Dutch'. • can, (3) ability, physical: English: 'Hortense can swim the English Channel'. • can, (4) attempt: the agent attempts to complete the action specified by the predicate. Note: this has a sense of incompleteness, and I have seen authors call this "Incomplete" and gloss the examples with 'try'. • try to, attempt to, (5) desire: the agent of the verb desires or wants to complete the action of the verb. • want to, would like to, (6) obligation: the agent is obliged to perform the action of the verb. • (7) obligation, strong: it is absolutely incumbent upon the agent to complete the action of the main verb: 'I have to mail this letter today'. • have to, must, (8) obligation, weak: it is recommended that the agent complete the action of the main verb: 'Harry ought to get a haircut before meeting Sue's mother'. • ought to, should, (9) permission: the agent is allowed to complete the action of the main verb: 'The students may check books out for two weeks'. • may, (10)
• can, (11)
• gonna, going to, intend to, (12)
• go to, (13)
• come to, 9.4.3.1 AgiziTumia eneo hili kwa aina ya tungo au maneno yenye kuonyesha amri, ombi, pendekezo n.k.. (1) imperative: the verb form used for direct commands in the 2nd person. If there are also 1st and 3rd person forms, the meaning can still be that of imperative, with the 1st and 3rd persons being interpreted as 'Let us, let him...', etc. • (2) optative: the proposition represents the speaker's will. Translated into English as 'May you prosper', 'May we all meet again.' with counterfactual: 'If only he had...', etc. • (3) hortative: the speaker is encouraging or inciting someone to action. • (4) prohibitive: the mood for expressing negative commands. The English is 'Don't'. • (5) admonitive: the command constitutes a warning: 'you had better not...'. • (6) Meanings co-occurring with imperative: • (7) polite: a mild or polite form of command. • (8) delayed: the action of the command is to be carried out in the future rather than immediately. • (9) immediate: the action of the command is to be carried out immediately. • (10)
• (11)
• (none in English) (12)
• (none in English), (in many Bantu languages) -e 'a verbal suffix indicating that the sentence is a command' (13)
• whoa (stop) Directory: sites -> default -> files -> docs docs -> Chicago Sports Teams a report by D. Rose November 12, 2015 docs -> Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism docs -> Resilience Way, Lower Estate, St. Michael Tel: (246) 434-4880 Fax: (246) 271-3660 docs -> Resilience Way, Lower Estate, St. Michael Tel: (246) 434-4880 Fax: (246) 271-3660 Email docs -> Industry Initiatives on Mobile Devices Report docs -> Accreditation August, 2013 Report History docs -> Version including comments docs -> January 2012 Version 1 08 Fall docs -> External Testing) (September 12, 2013) Download 2.8 Mb. Share with your friends:
|