Mwezi Tumia eneo hili kwa maneno yanayohusiana na mwezi
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- 9.3 Very
- Page 9.4.1.1 Nyakati za vitenzi
- 9.4.1.2 Hali ya mwendo wa kitenzi
- 9.4.1.3 Hali ya kutendeka
9.3.4 Kufanya kwa nguvuUse this domain for words indicating intensity of an action. (1) What words are used to indicate that something is being done intensely? • intense, intensely, extensively
9.3.5 Uangamaji wa kiangamaUse this domain for words that modify an attribute. (1) What words modify an attribute? • fairly, sort of, quite,
(1) What words intensify an attribute? • very, really, highly, deeply, real, so, mighty, one, quite, ever so, bloody, decidedly, too, proper, true, extremely, such (2) What words intensify an attribute to an extreme degree? • extremely, terribly, dreadfully, incredibly, unbelievably, ridiculously, absurdly, remarkably, exceptionally, extraordinarily, terrifically, enormously, hugely, exceedingly, (3) What words indicate that an attribute is not intense? • not very, hardly, barely, a little, fairly
(1) present: the situation occurs simultaneously with the moment of speech. • (2) past: the situation occurred before the moment of speech. • (3) future: the situation takes place after the moment of speech; the speaker predicts that the situation in the proposition will hold. • (4) crastinal: tomorrow. • (5) hesternal: yesterday. • (6) hodiernal: today, normally with past. • (7) pre-hodiernal: before today. • (8) post-crastinal: after tomorrow. • (9) ancient past: used for narrating events in ancient or mythical time. • (10)
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• (18)
• tense, time (19)
• (no words or affixes in English) (20)
• -ed, (in English vowel replacement is also used to indicate past tense, e.g. run, ran) (21)
• will, going to 9.4.1.2 Hali ya mwendo wa kitenziUse this section for verbal auxiliaries, affixes, adverbs, and particles that indicate aspects of dynamic verbs. Aspects describe the temporal contours of a situation. They may be combined with any of the tenses, either in the same morpheme or in combinations of morphemes. The following definitions are taken from Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. (1) habitual: the situation is customary or usual, repeated on different occasion over a period of time. English 'used to' is past habitual; English 'Nancy sings' is present habitual. • (2) continuous: a single situation is viewed as in progress, as maintained over a period of time; also called "durative." The English "Progressive" is a continuous restricted to dynamic words. English 'I am reading; *I am knowing the number'. • (3) continuative: keep on doing what is being done. Restricted to dynamic words. • (4) progressive: the action takes place simultaneously with the moment of reference, 'to be in the process of...'. This is more restricted than the English Progressive, which may be used for events that are not actually in progress at reference time: 'I am writing a book' may be used even if the speaker is not at that moment writing. • (5) excessive duration: action is extended over a long period of time, longer than normal for that action. • (6) limited duration: action performed for a relatively short or bounded period of time. • (7) iterative: the action is repeated on one occasion; usually restricted to dynamic words, often further restricted to semelfactive words. • (8) frequentative: action occurs frequently, not necessarily habitually, nor necessarily on one occasion, as is the iterative. • (9) imperfective: the situation is viewed as unbounded in the sense that it is habitual, continuous, progressive, or iterative. • (10)
• (11)
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• aspect (16)
• begin, start, commence, beginning, the start, commencement, initiate, to institute, inception (17)
• go, dig in, have at it, let's go, let's do it, move it, let's get going, "on your marks, get set, go", "ready, set, go" (18)
• initiator, founder, originator, starter (19)
• try, attempt (20)
• quick, quickly, rapidly (21)
• sudden, suddenly, suddenness, immediate (22)
• continue, continuous, keep on (23)
• complete, finish, succeed 9.4.1.3 Hali ya kutendekaUse this section for verbal auxiliaries, affixes, adverbs, and particles that indicate aspects of stative verbs. Aspects describe the temporal contours of a situation. They may be combined with any of the tenses, either in the same morpheme or in combinations of morphemes. The following definitions are taken from Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. (1) state exists: the state is begun before reference time and continues after reference time. • is, (2) state commences: beginning of a state of "becoming." Often called Inceptive or Inchoative. If there is a morpheme specifically for this meaning, it is usually derivational and restricted to stative words. However, it is also possible for "Perfects" or "Perfectives" to have this as their use with stative words. • becoming, (3) state ends: state existed in the past, but no longer exists. Also a possible meaning of "Perfects" or "Perfectives" in combination with stative words. • no longer, (4) state continues: state is continuing a reference time. • still, (5) state changes: (self-explanatory). • turn,
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