Title: Voprosy Onkologii (St. Petersburg)

Title: Waste Management

ISO Abbreviated Title: Waste Manage.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Waste Manage

ISSN: 0956-053X

Issues/Year: 8

Journal Country/Territory: United States

Language: English

Publisher: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd

Publisher Address: The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England

Subject Categories:

Engineering, Environmental: Impact Factor 0.395, 24/36 (2000); Impact Factor 2.433, 11/42 (2009)

Environmental Sciences: Impact Factor 0.260, 111/126 (1999); Impact Factor 0.395, 104/127 (2000); Impact Factor 2.433, 48/180 (2009)

Namasivayam, C., Kanchana, N. and Yamuna, R.T. (1993), Waste banana pith as adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine-B from aqueous solutions. Waste Management, 13 (1), 89-95.

Full Text: W\Was Man13, 89.pdf

Abstract: The feasibility of waste banana pith for the removal of the dye Rhodamine-B was investigated at different initial dye concentrations, agitation time, adsorbent dosage, and pH. Adsorption of dye on banana pith follows both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. A maximum removal of 87% of the dye was observed at pH 4. Desorption studies show that the adsorption is mainly due to chemisorption.

Seshadri, S., Bishop, P.L. and Agha, A.M. (1994), Anaerobic/aerobic treatment of selected azo dyes in waste-water. Waste Management, 14 (2), 127-137.

Full Text: W\Was Man14, 127.pdf

Abstract: Azo dyes represent the largest class of dyes in use today. Current environmental concern with these dyes revolves around the potential carcinogenic health risk presented by these dyes or their intermediate biodegradation products when exposed to microflora in the human digestive tract. These dyes may build up in the environment, since many wastewater treatment plants allow these dyes to pass through the system virtually untreated.

The initial step in the degradation of these dyes is the cleavage of the Azo bond. This cleavage is often impossible under aerobic conditions, but has been readily demonstrated under anaerobic conditions. The focus of the study was to determine the feasibility of using an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor to accomplish this cleavage. The effects of typical process variables such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent dye concentration levels, and degree of bed fluidization on removal efficiencies were also studied. The four dyes selected for this study were Acid-Orange 7, Acid-Orange 8, Acid-Orange 10, and Acid-Red 14. The effectiveness of using a bench-scale-activated sludge reactor as a sequenced second stage was also examined.

Results indicate that nearly complete cleavage of the Azo bond is easily accomplished for each of the four dyes under hydraulic retention times of either 12 or 24 h. Initial results indicate, though, that aromatic amine by-products remain. The sequenced second stage was able to remove the remaining Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) load to acceptable levels. Work is presently underway to determine the fate of the anaerobic by-products in the aerobic second stage.

Husain, A. and Krasznai, J.P. (1994), Compaction of radioactive incinerator ash: Gas generation effects. Waste Management, 14 (6), 521-530.

Full Text: W\Was Man14, 521.pdf

Abstract: Radioactive incinerator ash is produced from the incineration of low level waste at Ontario Hydro. The presence of toxic metals in the ash requires that the ash be immobilized for disposal. Compaction of ash was investigated along with the use of various binders for immobilizing the ash and yielded waste forms with the highest ash loadings.

Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were examined for wetting the ash prior to compaction. Based on ash loadings and waste form properties, compaction of sodium hydroxide wetted ash was found to be the preferred method for conditioning the ash. Significant volumes of hydrogen and methane gases were evolved during the wetting step as a result of reaction with aluminum present in the ash. Dissipation of these gases was crucial in obtaining good waste form properties and necessitated the addition of excess liquid. The excess liquid, however, can be reused.

Cohen, L.S. (1994), Creation and application of a universal hazardous-waste processing and incinerator feeding system. Waste Management, 14 (6), 549-553.

Full Text: W\Was Man14, 549.pdf

Abstract: One of the more serious problems, both technically and image-related, for organizations that incinerate mixed hazardous wastes is the processing and blending of these wastes in a safe and environmentally desirable manner. This paper documents efforts to address this problem through the development of a universal hazardous waste processing and incinerator feeding system. For safety, environmental and efficiency reasons, the system had to be one that was fully enclosed and truly air-locked and was capable of controlling fugitive emissions while performing numerous tasks on the waste, -that is, volume reducing, blending, and feeding-to prepare it for use as incinerator fuels. The system also had to operate economically to justify its purchase. Komar Industries, Inc. designed and developed such a system and was awarded several contracts to produce them. There are now several of these systems world-wide.

Khan, S.A., Riaz-ur-Rehman, and Khan, M.A. (1994), Sorption of cesium on bentonite. Waste Management, 14 (7), 629-642.

Full Text: W\Was Man14, 629.pdf

Abstract: Sorption of Cs on bentonite has been studied by using batch technique. Distribution coefficients (K_d) were determined for bentonite-cesium solution system as a function of contact time, pH, sorbent and sorbate concentration and temperature. Sorption data have been interpreted in terms of Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubnin-Radushkevich equations. Thermodynamic parameters far the sorption system have been determined at three different temperatures. The value of H° = -32.29 KJ/mol and G° = -13.16 KJ/mol at 298 K suggests that the sorption of cesium on bentonite is an exothermic and a spontaneous process. G° becomes less negative at higher temperatures and therefore less cesium is sorbed at higher temperatures. The mean free energy E similar to 14.5 KJ/mol for cesium sorption shows that ion-exchange is the predominant mode of sorption at 0.01-0.5 molar cesium concentration. The presence of complementary cations depress the sorption of cesium on bentonite in the order of K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺. Some organic complexing agents and natural ligands also affect the sorption of cesium. The desorption studies with 0.01 M CaCl₂ and ground water at low cesium loading on bentonite show that about 95% of the element is irreversibly sorbed probably due to the fixation of the cesium by isomorphous replacement in the crystal lattice of the sorbent.

Keywords: Clay

Namasivayam, C., Jeyakumar, R. and Yamuna, R.T. (1994), Dye removal from wastewater by adsorption on ‘waste’ Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide. Waste Management, 14 (7), 643-648.

Full Text: W\Was Man14, 643.pdf

Abstract: Agricultural and industrial solid wastes can be recycled as nonconventional adsorbents if they are inert and harmless to reduce the cost of the wastewater treatments. Waste Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide, generated in the treatment of Cr(VI) bearing wastewaters in a fertilizer industry, was used for the adsorption of Congo Red (direct dye) from aqueous solution. The parameters studied include agitation time, initial dye concentration, pH and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption capacity was evaluated by using both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Removal of the dye was maximum, 91% at pH 3. Low desorption (9%) with water seems to indicate that the dye is mostly held by the adsorbent through ion-exchange.

Keywords: Aqueous-Solution, Natural Adsorbents, Color Removal, Congo Red, Acid Dye, Fly-Ash, Slurry, Equilibrium, Water

Chun, P. and Hall, M.J. (1994), Sorbents for the removal of airborne heavy-metals from incinerator effluent. Waste Management, 14 (8), 671-676.

Full Text: W\Was Man14, 671.pdf

Abstract: The effectiveness of inorganic alumine-silicate sorbents (alumina and kaolinite) to adsorb airborne lead and cadmium from the effluent stream of a simulated waste incinerator was studied. A 20 kW (68,000 BTU/h) flow reactor was used to achieve the temperature and residence times typical of a waste incinerator. Solutions containing lead or cadmium were introduced yielding airborne metals concentrations between 15 and 150 ppm. Gas samples were drawn into a particle impactor that collected the airborne particles and condensed phase metal aerosols, separating them into ten size ranges from 0.2 µm to greater than 10 µm. Metals to sorbent mass ratios between 0.03 and 1.56 were investigated. Scavenging efficiency increased as the ratio of sorbent to injected metal mass was increased. The scavenging efficiencies were as high as 76% for lead scavenged by kaolinite to as low as 14% for cadmium scavenged by alumina.

Namasivayam, C. and Ranganathan, K. (1994), Recycling of waste Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide for the removal of nickel from wastewater: Adsorption and equilibrium studies. Waste Management, 14 (8), 709-716.

Full Text:W\Was Man14, 709.pdf

Abstract: Effects of Ni(II) concentration, agitation time, temperature and pH on adsorption of Ni(II) on Fe(III)/Cr(III) Cr(III) hydroxide, a waste by-product from fertilizer industry, have been investigated. The percent adsorption increased from 55 to 69% with increase in temperature from 20 to 40°C and from 32 to 77% with increase in pH from 3.7 to 7.5 and from 38 to 79% with decrease-in Ni(II) concentration from 100 to 25 mg/L. The equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption capacity was found to be 21.0 mg/g at 30°C. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (G°), enthalpy change (H°) and entropy change (S°) were evaluated. The adsorption rate constant was higher at lower concentration of Ni(II) and at higher temperature. Desorption studies show that 70% of Ni(II) can be desorbed from the adsorbent at pH 4.0. The adsorbent was tested using-nickel plating industry wastewater and the maximum percent removal was 97.

Keywords: Water, Metals, Peat

Periasamy, K. and Namasivayam, C. (1995), Removal of nickel(II) from aqueous solution and nickel plating industry wastewater using an agricultural waste: Peanut hulls. Waste Management, 15 (1), 63-68.

Full Text: W\Was Man15, 63.pdf

Abstract: Activated carbon prepared from peanut hulls (PHC), an agricultural waste by-product, has been used for the adsorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solution. The process of uptake obeys both Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The applicability of Lagergren kinetic model has also been investigated. Quantitative removal of Ni(II) from 100 mt aqueous solution containing 20 mg/L Ni(II) by 85 mgPHC was peanut hull observed over a pH range of 4.0 to 10.0. The suitability of PHC for treating nickel plating industry wastewater was also tested. A comparative study with a commercial granular activated carbon (GAG) showed that PHC is 36 times more efficient compared to GAC based on Langmuir adsorption capacity (Q_O).

Keywords: Adsorption, Equilibrium, Carbon

Kinner, N.E., Lyons, W.B., Rice, P.H., Durling, D.B. and Gress, D.L. (1995), Geochemistry and metals concentrations in marine sediments exposed to solidified/stabilized municipal solid waste incinerator ash. Waste Management, 15 (3), 221-232.

Full Text: W\Was Man15, 221.pdf

Abstract: Solidified and stabilized (S/S) municipal solid waste incinerator ash specimens were placed in tubes filled with organic-rich marine sediments and incubated in seawater for 48 months. Initially, the S/S ash and concrete control (CC) specimens increased the pH of the sediment/porewater system due to the leaching of hydroxide. After 10 months, their porewater pH values approached those in the sediment controls as magnesium and calcium precipitates accumulated on the surface of the specimens and limited diffusion of hydroxide. Sulfate was initially abiotically removed from the porewater of the concrete controls, most probably due to precipitation as CaSO₄ at high pH. Depletion of sulfate in the S/S ash sediments was due at least in part to microbial activity based on measured sulfate reduction rates. Cadmium, copper and lead, metals enriched in the ash relative to the sediments, were not found in higher concentrations in the lest sediments relative to the controls (confidence level = 90%), suggesting that metals dissolution from the S/S ash was minimal.

Keywords: Chemical Interactions, Sulfate Reduction, Bay, Distributions, Diagenesis, Chemistry, Seawater, Iron

Mao, Z.X. and Demirgian, J.C. (1995), Development of calibration standards for fourier-transform infrared spectrometer in continous monitoring of incinerator emissions. Waste Management, 15 (3), 233-241.

Full Text: W\Was Man15, 233.pdf

Abstract: Recent development of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy greatly expands its potential as a continuous monitoring system for incinerator emissions. However, one of the key factors in ensuring success of this technology is obtaining a set of reliable calibration standards for the quantitation of target analytes. Experimental results in this study indicate that calibration should be conducted at the same cell condition as that used in the field monitoring. A static method is adequate in the calibrations of non-reactive compounds, but for a reactive compound, such as hydrogen chloride, a dynamic method must be used. The study also shows that single-component reference spectra collected in the calibration, combined with a partial least-squares method, are able to predict mixtures with strong spectral overlaps.

Khan, S.A., Riaz-ur-Rehman, and Khan, M.A. (1995), Adsorption of chromium(III), chromium(VI) and silver(I) on bentonite. Waste Management, 15 (4), 271-282.

Full Text: W\Was Man15, 271.pdf

Abstract: The sorption of Cr(III), Cr(VI) and Ag(I) from aqueous solutions on bentonite has been studied by a batch technique. Distribution coefficients (K_d) were determined for sorption systems as a function of contact time, pH, sorbent and sorbate concentration and temperature. Sorption data have been interpreted in terms of Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Raduskevich (D-R) equations. Thermodynamic parameters for the sorption systems have been determined at different temperatures. The sorption of Cr(III) and Ag(I) on bentonite is exothermic in nature while that of Cr(VI) is an endothermic process. The H° values for Cr(III), Cr(VI) and Ag(I) were -51.94 kJ/mol at 298 K, 5.619 kJ/mol at 293 K and -7.64 kJ/mol at 303 K respectively. The mean free energy of sorption, E, for Cr(VI) is 10 kJ/mol which shows that chromate ions from aqueous solutions at 10^-5 to 10^-3 M are predominantly sorbed on bentonite by an ion-exchange process. The sorption data for Cr(III) and Ag(I) do not fit in the D-R equation. Negative values of G° show the spontaneity of the sorption processes; G° values for Cr(III) and Ag(I) become less negative at higher temperatures which shows that sorption is less favoured at higher temperatures, while the increase in the negative values of G° for Cr(VI) with the increase in temperature indicates that sorption is favoured at higher temperatures.

Keywords: Aqueous-Solutions, Environmental-Pollutants, Sorption, Cr(VI), Clay, Removal, Lahore, Cesium, Blood, Waste

Silcox, G.D., Larsen, F.S., Owens, W.D. and Choroszy-Marshall, M. (1995), Kinetics of hydrocarbon and pesticide removal from clay soils during thermal treatment in a pilot-scale rotary kiln. Waste Management, 15 (5-6), 339-349.

Full Text: W\Was Man15, 339.pdf

Abstract: The kinetics of hydrocarbon removal from contaminated clay soils during thermal treatment in rotary kilns were studied experimentally, and kinetic parameters were obtained for simple first-order models. Results are given for seven hydrocarbons: toluene, naphthalene, n-hexadecane, lindane (gamma-HCH or 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), DDT (1,1’-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene) bis [4-chlorobenzene]), DDD (1,1’-(2,2-dichloroethylidene) bis [4-chlorobenzene]), and DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis [p-chlorophenyl] ethylene). The activation energies ranged from 18 kJ/mol for toluene on wet soil, to 90 kJ/mol for the chlorinated pesticides. All the kinetic data were obtained in a 130 kW pilot-scale rotary kiln. The wall temperature of the kiln was 700°C for the pesticides. Three of the hydrocarbons, toluene, naphthalene and n-hexadecane, were studied on both wet soil (5.0 and 8.5 wt%) and on oven-dried soil at temperatures ranging from 300 to 650°C in order to understand better the effects of water on desorption rates, Water increases the rate of desorption of toluene but decreases the rates for the heavier compounds. The pilot-scale data and correlations should be useful to those who are operating and/or designing rotary kilns to remediate soils thermally. A methodology for taking pilot-scale results and using them to estimate full-scale performance is given.

Keywords: Heat-Transfer Model, Organic Vapors, Relative-Humidity, Desorption, Sorption, Contaminants, Temperature, Adsorption, Minerals, Motion

Kim, C.L., Cho, C.H. and Choi, H.J. (1995), Equilibrium concentration and diffusion controlled leaching model for cement-based waste forms. Waste Management, 15 (5-6), 449-455.

Full Text: W\Was Man15, 449.pdf

Abstract: A predictive model for nuclide leaching from cementitious waste form is developed based on diffusion, the sorption equilibrium concept in the waste form, and continuity boundary conditions of concentration and concentration gradient on the waste form surface. A concept to determine the equilibrium concentrations of radionuclides in pore water of the waste form is presented. Nuclide release unrelated to diffusive transport mechanism is reflected on the model as a wash-off fraction which depends on the surface conditions of the waste form. The double region model proposed in this paper gives much lower nuclide release rates than the single region model. This leaching model is calibrated by comparison with the results of a leaching experiment performed at JAERI.

? Fuhrmann, M., Aloysius, D. and Zhou, H.A. (1995), Permeable, subsurface sorbent barrier for ⁹⁰Sr: Laboratory studies of natural and synthetic materials. Waste Management, 15 (7), 485-493.

Full Text: 1995\Was Man15, 485.pdf

Abstract: Laboratory studies were conducted to identify the optimum sorbent material to use in the construction of all-scale, in-situ sorbent barrier for intercepting a ⁹⁰Sr plume within a surficial water-bearing sand and gravel layer. Evaluation of a set of materials for use as a passive sorbent wall was first approached through a series of batch sorption tests, using ⁸⁵Sr. tracer, on a set of natural zeolites and metal oxides to determine their effectiveness for sorbing ⁹⁰Sr. Selected materials, based on their sorption capability in the screening experiments, were further tested in flow-through columns to assess hydraulic performance and sorptive characteristics under dynamic flow conditions. Test data were incorporated into a one-dimensional finite difference model and estimates were made of in-situ performance over extended time frames with respect to ⁹⁰Sr breakthrough and loading on the barrier material. Several natural zeolites were found to remove ⁸⁵Sr effective from groundwater that contains 120 g/ml of Ca, an element that can compete with Sr during sorption. A barrier wall of thickness 1.2 m was estimated to have a maximum life of about 10 years before replacement or regeneration of the sorbent bed is required. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Keywords: Batch Sorption, Evaluation, Metal, Regeneration, Sorption

Khan, S.A., Riaz-ur-Rehman, and Khan, M.A. (1995), Sorption of strontium on bentonite. Waste Management,