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MUST UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE TO UNDERSTAND VALUES
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- OBJECTIVE TRUTHS DO NOT EXIST
- NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
MUST UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE TO UNDERSTAND VALUES1. LANGUAGE IS CENTRAL TO OUR SOCIETY Jean-François Lyotard. Professor Emeritus at the University of Paris, THE POSTMODERN CONDITION within AFTER PHILOSOPHY, END OR TRANSFORMATION?, 1989. p. 75. In a society whose communication component is becoming more prominent day by day, both as a reality and as an issue, it is clear that language assumes a new importance. It would be superficial to reduce its significance to the traditional alternative between manipulatory speech and the unilateral transmission of messages on the one hand, and free expression and dialogue on the other. A word on this last point. If the problem is described simply in terms of communication theory, two things are overlooked: first, messages have quite different forms and effects depending on whether they are, for example, denotatives, prescriptives, evaluative, performatives, etc. It is clear that what is important is not simply the fact that they communicate information.
Wilad Godzich. Professor of Literatures--University of Geneva, THE POSTMODERN EXPLAINED, 1992, p. 126-127. Just Gaming grants absolute primacy to language games and to their incommensurability. Lyotard is insistent, however, on a feature of language games that the Anglo American tradition has not been particularly attentive to, namely the fact that one cannot logically derive a subject independently of a language game. In the Anglo-American tradition, language games tend to be thought of as regulated forms of language use, and therefore presuppose the prior existence of a user.
Wilad Godzich. Professor of Literatures--University of Geneva, THE POSTMODERN EXPLAINED, 1992, p. 127. But in what language game could the solution be formulated? The only thing that can be done is to appeal to the Kantian notion of an Idea of Reason that will serve as the regulatory mechanism that will ensure that the incommensurability of language games is preserved, for ultimately, in Just Gaming, justice comes to be understood as being charged with the preservation of the purity of each language game and the prevention of the subservience of one language game to another.
1. POSTMODERNISM IS EMBEDDED IN DISSENSUS Calvin 0. Schrag, Professor of Philosophy-Purdue, THE RESOURCES OF RATIONALITY: A RESPONSE TO THE POSTMODERN CONDITION, 1992, p. 14. Postmodern politics finds its teleos in dissensus rather than consensus, intervention rather than litigation. Postmodern culture-studies problematize the distinctions between elite and popular culture. Postmodern science is viewed as an effort to manage instabilities in a milieu of incommensurability and shifting paradigms. Postmodern philosophy is anti-foundationalist, suspicious of theory, and distrustful of any universal claims of reason. 2. MUST CHALLENGE OBJECTIVE EPISTEMOLOGIES Calvin 0. Schrag, Professor of Philosophy-Purdue, THE RESOURCES OF RATIONALITY: A RESPONSE TO THE POSTMODERN CONDITION, 1992, p. 23. One of the dominant features of the postmodern philosophical challenge resides in its reaction against the epistemological paradigm of modernity. The knowledge claims issuing from a Cartesian ego-cogito, the reflections of a Kantian transcendental ego, and the perceptions of the sensorial subject of British empiricism have all become problematized. The quest for epistemic certainty and the search for impeachable foundations of knowledge fall under indictment.
Calvin 0. Schrag, Professor of Philosophy-Purdue, THE RESOURCES OF RATIONALITY: A RESPONSE TO THE POSTMODERN CONDITION, 1992, p. 25. That which is represented is no longer the object in its ordinary presence but rather an idealized object, which stands in wait for an infinite recall within a multiplicity of changing perspectives. Likewise, the self-presence of the epistemological subject is displaced, no longer determined vis-à-vis its relationship with an object, but now postulated as a peculiar presence to itself within an inferiority of transcendental subjectivity. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLIPOLITICAL PHILOSOPHER 1469 - 1577Biographical BackgroundNiccolo Machiavelli’s infamous reputation as an advocate for ruthless and cunning government ignores many of the positive contributions he actually made in the field of political philosophy. It is true that his most well-known book, The Prince, discusses ruling by absolute control. However, he was much more prolific in discussing ways government could be useful and helpful to society. As the son of a wealthy Florence lawyer, Machiavelli received a quality Renaissance education. He was well grounded in the humanities which led to prestigious positions within the Florentine government. Not much else is known about Machiavelli’s early life beyond this brief sketch. History picks up the story of Machiavelli’s life in the early part of the 16th century. At this time he was a secretary to the Chancellor of the Florentine government. In this capacity, he traveled throughout Europe on various diplomatic missions. It is believed that it was from this experience that Machiavelli developed the foundation for much of his political beliefs. According to biographer Lawrence Hundersmarck, “Machiavelli had opportunities to observe first-hand some of the leading powers of the day, King Louis XII of France, Pope Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia, Pope Julius II, and Maximilian I, the Holy Roman Emperor.”1 He served the republican government of Florence until the Medici caine to power in 1512. As a member of the overthrown government, Machiavelli was immediately removed from office. However, he was anxious to continue working for the government and attempted to influence the new monarchy by writing The Prince.2 Directory: uploads uploads -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 uploads -> Department of science and humanities department of mathematics part-a questions and answers uploads -> The Case Against the nypd’s Quota-Driven ‘Broken Windows’ Policing What Is It? uploads -> For want of a nail uploads -> Ownership Models There are two different types of ownership models uploads -> Police Militarization uploads -> City of rising star regular meting thursday, july 14, 2016 uploads -> Township of winfield uploads -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 uploads -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten-Point Program What We Want Now! Download 5.81 Mb. Share with your friends:
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