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- LACK OF FREEDOM CREATES MISERIES FOR A CITY
- A REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT IS A PREFERABLE FORM OF GOVERNMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHYAIker, Hayward R., Jr. “The Humanistic Moment in International Studies: Reflections on Machiavelli and Las Casas,” International Studies Quarterly. 36 (December 1992): 347. Bonadeo, Alfredo. Corruption. Conflict and Power in the Works and Times of Niccolô Machiavelli. Berkely, California: University of California Press, 1973. Brezziini, Guiseppe. Machiavelli. Translated by Gioconde Gavine. New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1967. Buskirk, Richard Hobart. Modern Management and Machiavelli. Boston: Cahners Books, 1974. Butterfield, Herbert. The Statecraft of Machiavelli. New York: Macmillan, 1956. Cantor, Norman F. Renaissance Thought: Dante and Machiavelli. Waltham, Massachusetts: Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1969. Chabad, Federico. Machiavelli and the Renaissance. Translated by David Moore. London: Bowes & Bowes, 1958. Gilbert, F. Machiavelli and Guicciardim: Politics and History in Sixteenth Century Florence. New York: Norton, 1984. Kahn, Victoria. “Revising the History of Machiavellism: English Machiavellism and the Doctrine of the Things Indifferent,” Renaissance Quarterly 46 (Autumn 1993): 526. Machiavelli, Niccolö. The Portable Machiavelli. Translated and edited by Peter Bondenella and Mark Muse. New York: Penguin Books, 1978. Machiavelli, Niccolo. Chief Works and Others. Translated by Allan Gilbert. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1965. Machiavelli, Niccolö. The Prince and the Discourses. Introduction by Max Lamer. New York: The Modern Library, 1940. Meineche, Friedrich. Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d’Etat and Its Place in Modem History. Translated by D. Scott. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954. Raab, Felix. The English Face of Machiavelli. a Changing Interpretation. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1964. Parcel, A.J. “The Question of Machiavelli’s Modernity,” The Review of Politics 53 (Spring 1991): 320. Pitkin, Hana. Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thoughts of Niccolo Machiavelli. Berkely, California: University of California Press, 1984. Skinner, Quentin. Machiavelli.. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1981. Strauss, Leo. Thoughts on Machiavelli. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1958. Tariton, Charles D. Fortune’s Circle: A Biographical Interpretation of Niccolo Machiavelli. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1976. Whitfield, John Humphreys. Machiavelli. New York: Russell & Russell, 1965. LACK OF FREEDOM CREATES MISERIES FOR A CITY1. MISERIES ARISE WHEN FREEDOM IS LOST Niccolo Machiavelli, Political Philosopher, THE PRINCE AND OTHER POLITICAL WRITINGS, 1981, p. 228. The greatest obstacle which the Romans had to overcome in their conquest of neighboring states and certain more distant countries was the great love of liberty which many peoples showed in those days; for they defended their freedom so obstinately that extraordinary prowess was needed to subdue them. There are many instances of the great dangers they were prepared to encounter in order to defend or recover their liberty and of the savage revenge which they took on those who had deprived them of it. History also shows us what miseries nations and cities have to endure when they lose their freedom. 2. FREEDOM IS NECESSARY FOR A CITY TO INCREASE ITS WEALTH Niccolö Machiavelli, Political Philosopher, THE PRINCE AND OTHER POLITICAL WRITINGS, 1981, p. 229. It is easy to see how this love of freedom arises: for experience shows that no city ever extended its dominions or increased its wealth except at a time when it enjoyed civil liberty. And it is truly wonderful to consider how great the state of Athens became in the space of one hundred years, after it had freed itself from the tyranny of Pisistratus. But most wonderful of all is the greatness achieved by Rome after she freed herself from her kings. The reason for this is simple enough: for it is not a regard for the good of one particular man which makes a city great, but regard for the good of the people as a whole.
Niccolô Machiavelli, Political Philosopher, THE PRINCE AND OTHER POLITICAL WRITINGS, 1981, p. 229-30. It is very different under the government of a prince, where it often happens that what is good for him is bad for the state, and what is good for the state is bad for him. And so when a free city falls under tyranny, the best it can hope for is to make no further progress in power or in wealth; but more often—almost always in fact—it will go into a decline.
1. REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS SECURE THE PUBLIC GOOD Niccolö Machiavelli, Political Philosopher, THE PRINCE AND OTHER POLITICAL WRITINGS, 1981, p. 229.
And there can be no doubt that proper attention to the public good is to be found only in republics: for there every measure which favours the general advantage is carried through; and even if it should turn out to the prejudice of one or more individuals, there are so many who stand to gain by it that they can ensure it will be put into effect, despite the opposition of the few who suffer by it. 2. REPUBLICS ARE LESS INCLINED TO BREAK TREATIES Niccolo Machiavelli, Political Philosopher, THE PRINCE AND OTHER POLITICAL WRITINGS, 1981, p. 222. Taking everything into consideration, I think that in such cases, where the danger is serious and imminent, more steadiness and loyalty is to be found in republics than in princes. For even if a republic has the same intentions, and wishes as a prince, it is always slower to act, and will take longer than a prince before it comes to any decision, and consequently before it decides to break its word. Treaties are generally broken for the sake of some advantage: but republics are much less apt to do so than princes.
Niccolö Machiavelli, Political Philosopher, THE PRINCE AND OTHER POLITICAL WRITINGS, 1981, p. 223. I am not speaking here of minor infractions of treaties, through failure to observe every detail, which may be regarded as normal, but of flagrant breaches of faith. For the reasons already stated, I believe that republics are less given to the latter than princes, and are therefore more to be trusted.
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