[Psychological consequences of severe overweight in teenagers]
Illuminating the relationship between bullying and substance use among middle and high school youth
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- Exposure to violence during childhood is associated with telomere erosion from 5 to 10 years of age: a longitudinal study.
- Source 1] Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA [2] Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Abstract
- Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: longitudinal cohort study.
- OBJECTIVES
- SETTING: England and Wales, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS
- CONCLUSIONS
Illuminating the relationship between bullying and substance use among middle and high school youth.Radliff KM, Wheaton JE, Robinson K, Morris J. SourceThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1224, United States. KRadliff@ehe.osu.edu AbstractThe increased prevalence and negative impact of bullying and substance use among youth has been established independently in the literature; however, few researchers have examined the association between involvement in bullying and substance use across middle and high school youth. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the self-reported prevalence of bullying and substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) among youth in middle and high school. Middle and high school students from 16 school districts across a large metropolitan area (N=78,333) completed a school-based survey. Scales were created to examine involvement in bullying, victimization, and substance use. A link between involvement inbullying and substance use was evident. Youth involved in bullying were more likely than students not involved in bullying to use substances, with bully-victims reporting the greatest levels of substance use. Differences at the school level and across status (i.e., bullies, victims, and bully-victims) are discussed. Implications for practice and prevention and intervention programs are offered. Findings support the need for continued research into risky behaviors, such as substance use, that are correlated with bullying behavior and may contribute to an increase in negative outcomes. Mol Psychiatry. 2012 Apr 24. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.32. [Epub ahead of print] Exposure to violence during childhood is associated with telomere erosion from 5 to 10 years of age: a longitudinal study.Shalev I, Moffitt TE, Sugden K, Williams B, Houts RM, Danese A, Mill J, Arseneault L, Caspi A. Source1] Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA [2] Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. AbstractThere is increasing interest in discovering mechanisms that mediate the effects of childhood stress on late-life disease morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have suggested one potential mechanism linking stress to cellular aging, disease and mortality in humans: telomere erosion. We examined telomere erosion in relation to children's exposure to violence, a salient early-life stressor, which has known long-term consequences for well-being and is a major public-health and social-welfare problem. In the first prospective-longitudinal study with repeated telomere measurements in children while they experienced stress, we tested the hypothesis that childhood violence exposure would accelerate telomere erosion from age 5 to age 10 years. Violence was assessed as exposure to maternal domestic violence, frequent bullying victimization and physical maltreatment by an adult. Participants were 236 children (49% females; 42% with one or more violence exposures) recruited from the Environmental-Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative 1994-1995 birth cohort. Each child's mean relative telomere length was measured simultaneously in baseline and follow-up DNA samples, using the quantitative PCR method for T/S ratio (the ratio of telomere repeat copy numbers to single-copy gene numbers). Compared with their counterparts, the children who experienced two or more kinds of violence exposure showed significantly more telomere erosion between age-5 baseline and age-10 follow-up measurements, even after adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status and body mass index (B=-0.052, s.e.=0.021, P=0.015). This finding provides support for a mechanism linking cumulative childhood stress to telomere maintenance, observed already at a young age, with potential impact for life-long health.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 24 April 2012; doi:10.1038/mp.2012.32. BMJ. 2012 Apr 26;344:e2683. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e2683. Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: longitudinal cohort study.Fisher HL, Moffitt TE, Houts RM, Belsky DW, Arseneault L, Caspi A. SourceMRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. helen.2.fisher@kcl.ac.uk AbstractOBJECTIVES:To test whether frequent bullying victimisation in childhood increases the likelihood of self harming in early adolescence, and to identify which bullied children are at highest risk of self harm. DESIGN:The Environmental Risk (E-Risk) longitudinal study of a nationally representative UK cohort of 1116 twin pairs born in 1994-95 (2232 children). SETTING:England and Wales, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS:Children assessed at 5, 7, 10, and 12 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Relative risks of children's self harming behaviour in the six months before their 12th birthday. RESULTS:Self harm data were available for 2141 children. Among children aged 12 who had self harmed (2.9%; n=62), more than half were victims of frequent bullying (56%; n=35). Exposure to frequent bullying predicted higher rates of self harm even after children's pre-morbid emotional and behavioural problems, low IQ, and family environmental risks were taken into account (bullying victimisation reported by mother: adjusted relative risk 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 3.12; bullying victimisation reported by child: 2.44, 1.36 to 4.40). Victimised twins were more likely to self harm than were their non-victimised twin sibling (bullying victimisation reported by mother: 13/162 v 3/162, ratio=4.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 14.0;bullying victimisation reported by child: 12/144 v 7/144, ratio=1.7, 0.71 to 4.1). Compared with bullied children who did not self harm, bullied children who self harmed were distinguished by a family history of attempted/completed suicide, concurrent mental health problems, and a history of physical maltreatment by an adult. CONCLUSIONS:Prevention of non-suicidal self injury in young adolescents should focus on helping bullied children to cope more appropriately with their distress. Programmes should target children who have additional mental health problems, have a family history of attempted/completed suicide, or have been maltreated by an adult. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012 May;47(5):771-82. doi: 10.1007/s00127-011-0380-x. Epub 2011 Apr 16. 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