U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- End of WWII in the Pacific
- WWII Impact on Society Japanese-Americans
- Education and Entertainment
- The Truman Doctrine [Feb. 1947] Great Britain tells U.S. that they can no longer provide assistance to Greece and Turkey Truman announces the Truman Doctrine
- The European Recovery Plan
- Warsaw Pact
- Nationalists Vs Communists
- Domestic Policies of Truman
- Solutions Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944
- Republicans Democrats Dixiecrats Progressives
- McCarren Internal Security Act
- Eisenhower and the Cold War
End of the War in Europe Germany defeated at the Battle of the Bulge -a race to Berlin between the Allies and the Soviet Union Eisenhower halts U.S. troops at the Elbe River and lets the Soviets take it (even though Great Britain wants Eisenhower to take Berlin first) [April 1945] Soviet Union enters the outskirts of Berlin [April 30, 1945] Hitler commits suicide [May 2, 1945] the Soviets capture Berlin [May 8, 1945] Germany surrenders -Victory in Europe Day – V-E Day The full extent of the Holocaust begins to be known
Eisenhower gets reporters to document the camps About 6 million European Jew are killed Millions more die in concentration camps [April 12, 1945] Franklin D. Roosevelt dies Harry Truman – clueless about the war effort – FDR kept everything quiet -does not trust Stalin and the Soviet Union
Cuts aid until they fulfill the Yalta Conference Becomes the seeds of the Cold War [July 16, 1945 – Aug. 2, 1945] Potsdam Conference New Big Three -Stalin -Truman
-Atlee (Churchill) Complete postwar agreements Demilitarize Germany Punish Nazi war criminals – Nuremberg Trials Truman tells Stalin about the atomic bomb The Big Three issue an ultimatum to Japan “to surrender, or face prompt and utter destruction” -Japan does not surrender
[1939] Einstein writes to FDR discussing the possibility of an atomic bomb and Germany’s plans to construct one -Einstein later regrets this because of its destructivity [1942] First atomic chain reaction accomplished Robert Oppenheimer is the director of the Manhattan Project (code name given to the U.S. project to construct an atomic bomb) - spends $2 billion [July 16, 1945] Alamo Gordo, NM -first successful test of an atomic bomb -at the time, there was no idea about radiation poisoning [July 25, 1945] Truman okays the use of the atomic bomb [July 26, 1945] The ultimatum is issued [July 28, 1945] Japan replies – “no” – doesn’t believe that the U.S. has such a weapon [Aug 6, 1945] an American B-29 bomber “Enola Gay” drops a single A-bomb on Hiroshima, Japan (a military base) 70 000 instantly killed 60 000 more die shortly after despite this, Japan does not surrender (didn’t know that U.S. had another) [Aug 8, 1945] Soviet Union enters the war against Japan -attack Manchuria and Korea [Aug 9, 1945] U.S. drops a second A-bomb on Nagasaki, Japan (industrial area)
80 000 instantly killed [Aug 14, 1945] Japan agrees to surrender under on condition – the emperor (Hirohito) stays in power [Sept 2, 1945] the formal Japanese surrender takes place on the U.S. S. Missouri and Japanese officials surrender to Douglas MacArthur V-J Day – Marks the end of WWII Back to Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb: It would: Save U.S. lives – an estimated one million U.S. lives would be lost in an invasion of mainland Japan occurred Brings an end to the war quickly Saves Japanese lives (Bashido Code – surrender was unacceptable) Show the Soviet Union U.S. power? If we have the bomb, we’ll use the bomb Would Japan have surrendered without using it? Could you display the power of the bomb on a remotely populated island? Was it a racist decision? No – the bomb was originally intended for Germany Leads to the Atomic Age Costs of the War 16 million killed in WWII (many were civilians) 300 000 killed in the U.S. 2 million killed in the Soviet Union Holocaust Europe and Japan lay in ruins -many have no food, water, nor shelter in the postwar period U.S. and the Soviet Union emerge as enemies – the Cold War WWII Impact on Society Japanese-Americans – Yellow Peril! 112,000 Japanese-Americans interned in camps - 2/3 were native-born Americans Anti-Japanese sentiment causes:
Racial prejudice Economic rivalry as well as fear From the West Coast [Feb 1942] FDR authorizes evacuation of all Japanese-Americans from the West Coast – Executive Order 9066 -no evidence of espionage -Hawaii was an exception Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the evacuation in the Korematsu Case [1944] -still, the 442 regiment of Japanese-Americans become the most decorated unit in all military service in WWII [by 1988] Government pays reparations to survivors of the evacuation African-Americans WWII – opportunities, racism, and Double V – one million serve -but are given dangerous jobs W.E.B. DuBois – rallied the African Americans NAACP – membership multiplied by 10 – ½ million join
Voting rights for blacks were consolidated in the Supreme Court trial Smith vs. Alwrights CORE – advocated nonviolence Executive Order 8802 – Employment Practices Commission – employment segregation Economy $250 million spent each day $330 billion spent on WWII – 10 times more than WWI wage increases 50% - keep inflation down industrial productivity and agriculture increases unions increase – 9 million to 14.5 million Smith-Connolly Act – prevent strikes (John Lewis – strikes) Increase in per capita income – people buy war bonds Women 6 million women go to work during WWII – take over men’s work “Rose the Riveter” Government opens day care center – eventually leads to women’s rights movement 75% of women that go to the workplace are married Science OSRD – Office of science and Research Development Penicillin Medicine Destroy the environment Blood transfusions Develops the Atomic bomb Education and Entertainment Teachers leave for better-paying jobs School enrollment decreases Women in college increases More $ spent on books and theaters – non-fictions become popular for war information Radio usage increases – to get war information Minorities ~25 000 Native Americans serve in the war -primarily as code-talkers (esp. Navajo – no written language) -move off of reservations for high-paying jobs 300 000 Mexican-Americans serve in the war – also work on farms Zoot-suit riots – American sailors go around committing violence toward Mexicans Containment & Truman Eastern Europe in Post-WWII Soviet Europe Soviet Union has 10 million troops from the Red (Soviet) Army in Eastern Europe There are no free elections in eastern Europe – violates the Yalta Conference Pro-communist governments in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungaria, Yugoslavia, Albania -Stalin wants a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany United States Truman believes in self-determination – also believes that allowing the Soviet Union to take Eastern Europe is very similar to appeasement Truman argues that Soviet control of Eastern Europe threatens U.S. markets and access to raw materials Also thinks it would threaten him politically Truman has the atomic bomb to back himself up U.S. policy of containment will dominate U.S. actions toward the Soviet Union for the next 45 years -Containment – created by George F. Kennan (a U.S. diplomat in Soviet Union) “Soviet Union must be contained anywhere and everywhere in the world, despite the time or cost” [March 1946] Churchill visits the U.S. – speech at Westminster College (MO) “an iron curtain has descended upon eastern Europe” Early examples of containment under Truman [early 1946] U.S. sends the Sixth Fleet to Iran to protect oil interests [June 1946] U.S. creates the atomic energy plan – proposes if Soviet Union ceases its atomic program, U.S. will destroy its own arsenal (rejected) Flaw made by the U.N. – fails to take a tough stance on the issue – could have forced the U.S. and the Soviet Union to sign a treaty The Truman Doctrine [Feb. 1947] Great Britain tells U.S. that they can no longer provide assistance to Greece and Turkey Truman announces the Truman Doctrine the U.S. will assist democracies all around the world U.S. gives $400 million to Greece and Turkey The European Recovery Plan [by 1947] Western Europe is on the verge of collapse -famine, homelessness, lack of economy, inflation Communism is beginning to infiltrate western Europe
-named after George C. Marshall -$17 billion dollars to western Europe to revive the continent -saves Europe from collapse – ensures democracy in the region The Berlin Airlift Post WWII – Germany and Berlin are split into four occupational zones -France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, U.S. [June 1948] Soviet Union blockades all roads and airlines into West Berlin (controlled by France, Great Britain, and U.S.) -the S.U. doesn’t want democracy to spread into their territory -the U.S. airlifts supplies to Berlin – extremely successful [May 1949] Soviet Union ends the blockade -France, Great Britain, U.S. create West Germany -Later on, the Soviets create East Germany [July 1949] U.S. creates NATO -North Atlantic Treaty Organization -comprised of ten countries and the U.S. and Canada -“an attack on one is equal to an attack on all” NATO forces are led by Eisenhower Soviet Response [1955] Warsaw Pact -eastern Europeans and the Soviets -also forms East Germany
Japan
In post WWII, U.S. has exclusive control over reconstruction MacArthur is in charge of U.S. forces in Japan War criminals are tried at Tokyo Democracy is introduced to Japan Demilitarized the country Economic recovery [by 1952] U.S. forces leave Japan China – post WWII – power struggle
[by 1949] the Nationalists are forced to flee to Formosa (present-day Taiwan) -the Communists take control over China John Foster Dulles calls this “the worst defeat in U.S. history” -lost five million people to communism, closed markets to the U.S. Soviet Union [1949] successfully tests an atomic bomb [1952] U.S. tests the first H-bomb [1953] Soviet Union tests their first H-bomb -Nuclear arms race [1950] NSC-68 Changes U.S. Cold War policy Says the Soviet Union is determined to spread communism around the globe and will do so by military force if necessary Recommends the U.S. to have a massive military buildup Recommends to increase buildup of nuclear weapons Recommends higher taxes to do so. Korea After WWII – Korea is split along the 38th parallel Soviet Union controls North Korea United States controls South Korea [1949] U.S. and the Soviets pull out troops but leave the nation divided [June 25, 1950] North Korea invades South Korea -the U.N. calls North Korea an aggressor nation and authorizes “police action” against North Korea U.S. makes up the bulk of U.N. troops U.S. general MacArthur leads forces
[June 25, 1950] N. Korean pushes S. Korea back to Pusan (Southern tip of Korea) Part 2 – enter U.S. [Sept 15, 1950] MacArthur leads an amphibious assault at Inchan (slightly north of Seoul) Part 3 [Nov 1950] U.S. forces push N. Korea back to Yalu River (close to border between Korea and China) Chinese forces (about 33 divisions) enter the war – begin pushing U.S. and S. Koreans back to the 38th parallel Part 4 [April 11, 1951] Truman replaces MacArthur with another general -MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons – could have been WWIII [1951-1953] War enters a stalemate DMZ line – the demilitarize zone that is roughly around the 38th parallel [1953] Eisenhower ends the war once he is president Cost of the Korean War 54,246 U.S. soldiers are killed 103,000 U.S. soldiers are wounded Koreans are still divided 3.5 million men in the military Defense budget increases during the war - $50 billion a year is spent Vietnam [in early 1950s] Truman provides money and aid to the French, who were fighting communist forces in Vietnam Domestic Policies of Truman Background of Harry S. Truman Born in 1884 in Independence, Missouri Farmer No college education Artillery officer in WWI A failed businessman – rises in politics as a U.S. senator “the average man’s average man” very loyal to the Missouri Gang New Dealer Quotes– “the buck stops here,” “if you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen” [April 1945] President after FDR’s death Had to attend the Potsdam Conference Had to handle the atomic bomb decision Had to handle the end of WWII and post-WWII Biggest domestic issue – Demobilization Bring troops home -want to be home by Christmas 15 million troops in military to 1.5 million in the military by end of 1945 Social readjustment Possible psychological damage done to troops – blood lust for killing? Economic readjustment Wartime to peacetime Recession [1946-1947] Inflation – price controls were lifted Increase in strikes Housing shortage Due to returning troops Job shortage Due to returning troops Solutions Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 “GI Bill of Rights” Sends 8 million veterans to votech schools and colleges (2 million to college) Spend $14.5 billion by the government on education Spend $16.5 billion on loans to veterans for farms, houses, businesses Industries convert to peacetime economies -corporate tax cuts -the government sells war factories at low prices -converted to make consumer products
Bretton-Woods Agreement [1944] Ties U.S. currency to foreign currency Helps regulate foreign currency Limits inflation Encourages global trade Marshall Plan Employment Act of 1946 Creates a council of economic advisors Goal: full employment Leads to the Fair Deal Elections of 1946 (congressional election year) Republicans gain control in Congress -want to reverse New Deal Programs -want to limit the labor movement [1947] Taft Hartley Act -outlaws closed shops -slows the labor movement
Truman pulls off the upset and wins with 303 electoral votes! -develops the Fair Deal Truman wants to: Improve housing – succeeds – Housing Act of 1949 Increase minimum wage – succeeds – up to $0.75 per hour Better price support for farmers – fails More TVAs/electrification programs – fails Increase social security benefits – succeeds – Social Security Act of 1950 Repeal Taft-Hartley Act – fails Ease immigration restrictions – succeeds – War Brides Act [1945] - Displaced Persons Act Truman and Civil Rights [1946] forms President’s Committee on Civil Rights [1948] sends a civil rights message to Congress -urges them to pass laws -Desegregates the military and the federal government
Truman’s Loyalty Programs Require 3 million people in the federal government to take loyalty oaths -3000 are dismissed or resign States force their employees to take the oaths as well NY prosecutes 11 people for violating the Smith Act [1943] -upheld by the Supreme Court in Dennis vs. U.S.
-subjects all workers in industry to investigations and loyalty oaths -Truman vetoes it (violation of first amendment) -but is overruled by Congress House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) -created to investigate subversion in American society Richard Nixon – makes a name for himself brings down Alger Hiss (gov’t worker in the State Dept. – New Dealer) -very educated, accused of being a communist convicted of perjury HUAC also goes after Hollywood – “blacklisted” McCarthyism Led by Joseph McCarthy (Republican senator from Wisconsin) Accuses that here are hundreds of communists working for the federal government Creates a communist “witch hunt” [1950-1953] people are terrified But, after embarrassing himself on the televised Army-McCarthy hearings, he is censored Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Become the scapegoats for the Soviet Union getting the atomic bomb Put on trial, convicted, and then executed Election of 1952 Eisenhower easily defeats Adlai Stevenson VP Richard Nixon – almost brought down with the discovery of a slush fund -but goes an TV with the Checkers Speech and manages to stay VP Eisenhower is more a manager of the Presidency than a leader – loves to play golf -takes a less aggressive approach towards the Soviet Union Eisenhower and the Cold War Ike
Born in 1890 in Abilene, KA Attends West Point – more athletic than academic WWII – Operation Torch, Invasion of Normandy Supreme commander of the allied forces in Europe After WWII – President of Columbia [1948-1950] Head of NATO [1950-1952] Ike and Korea [Dec. 1952] visits Korea to attempt to end the war -is unsuccessful – fighting continues for a few months [March 1953] Stalin dies Ike begins to threaten use of nuclear weapons on North Korea [July 1953] cease-fire is announced – DMZ zone Ike and John Dulles (Secretary of State) Dulles – has a more aggressive approach towards the Soviet Union -calls for a policy of “brinkmanship” -getting as close to war as possible without actually getting to war -a very dangerous plan Ike prefers a more conciliatory policy [
[1956] Poles and the Hungarians revolt Meanwhile, the U.S. does nothing -The conciliatory policy leads to a thaw in the Cold War Cold War Thaw Ike makes an “atoms for peace” speech at the U.N. -use for beneficial ideas instead of nuclear weapons [1955] Ike and Soviet Union leaders meet at Geneva -first time U.S. and the Soviet Union leaders meet at Geneva [1958] S.U. halts all atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons – U.S. follows suit Dulles creates pacts with any nation wishing to side with the U.S. against communism -also cuts back spending on the army and the navy New Cold War strategy – rely on their nuclear stockpile and planes Ike creates the CIA -by the National Security Act of 1947 -grows out of SSS – Strategic Services -Allen Dulles is the head of the CIA CIA leads covert operations around the globe – concentrates on Third-World Nations [1953] Iran
The CIA overthrows the elected government and reinstalls the pro-U.S. Shah Why? Oil reserves in this region However, they create seeds of discontent towards the U.S. [1953] CIA halts elections in the Philippines [1954] Overthrow forces in Guatemala Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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