U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
Five Major Xenophobic Reactions in the Post-WWI period
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Five Major Xenophobic Reactions in the Post-WWI period The Red Scare -many people become hysterically upset that communists are trying to bring down the country -leads to an influx of strikes [1919-1920] 3630 strikes occur over the U.S. -including the Seattle General Strikes and the Boston Police Strike The Palmer Raids -led by U.S. attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer -arrests 6000+ communists U.S.S. Buford [Dec. 1919] -249 suspected communists are deported -including Emma Goldman, pioneer in birth control Sacco & Venzetti -two Italians arrested and convicted of killing a paymaster and a guard during a bank robbery in MA [1920] Liberals (supported) vs. Conservatives (wanted to put them to death) [1927] Sacco & Venzetti are sent to the electric chair.
Immigration Restriction Emergency Quota Act of 1921 -limits immigration to 3% per year of a country’s already-existing population in the U.S. as of 1910 Immigration Act of 1924 Changes the percentage to 2% and uses 1890 as the base year Aimed at Southern and Eastern Europeans (non-Allies during the war) Japan is completely shut out of the United States [1931] more people are leaving the U.S. than entering it (first year this happens)
Revitalization of the KKK [mid-1920s] 5 million KKK members anti-foreigners, anti-adultery, anti-bootleggers, anti-birth control, anti-black…essentially anti-everything, except “native” Americans and Protestants [end of 1920s] KKK begins to decline
Scopes Trial “Scopes Monkey Trial” Creationism vs. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (Religious fundamentalists vs. Progressives) Sparked by John T. Scopes, a biology teacher in Tennessee who read Darwin’s Theory to his class
In the end, Scopes was found guilty But! The evolutionists win – Darwin becomes more accepted in the religious community Dies five days after the trial due to a stroke
President! 404 electoral votes versus the combined 127 other electoral votes Economics Three Economic Systems – (What? How? For Whom?) Capitalism -means of production are owned by private businesses and individuals -fair, competitive market -unequal distribution of wealth Father of Modern Capitalism – Adam Smith – writes The Wealth of Nations [1776]
Socialism -means of production are controlled either directly or indirectly by the government -equal distribution of wealth (no social class distinctions) Father of Socialism – Robert Owen -tried to create utopias Communism -means of production are controlled by the people -no government -equal distribution of wealth (no social class distinctions) Fathers of Modern-Day Communism – Karl Marx and Frederick Engels -write Communist Manifesto
Natural Resources Labor Capital Entrepreneurship T 
Peak Height of expansion he Business Cycle
Contraction Expansion “recession” if extreme, “depression”
Products Created T    
Firms Households     he Circular Flow Model
  
Product Product Product Product $ $ $ $ Where the four factors of production are sold Bought materials from factor market Sold product to market Selling one of the four factors of production (esp. labor) Supply and Demand Law of Supply: at higher prices, a company is willing to sell more of a product (more profit) at lower prices, a company will sell less (less profit) Law of Demand: at higher prices, consumers will buy less at lower prices, consumers will buy more
 
Quantity of Product Price sold Demand Point of equilibrium The fair market value Determinants of Demand – alter the demand curve Price inelastic product – no matter how much the price goes up, people will still pay for it (ex. Gasoline, water, milk, bread, etc.) Price elastic product – if the price goes up, people will find an alternative or do without it Mass Consumption The 1920s sees unprecedented growth and prosperity in American society -expansion stage of the business cycle
Automobile Gasoline engine invented in the 1890s in Europe [1910] 181 000 automobiles in the U.S. – a plaything for the rich -was not reliable for transportation Frederick W. Taylor – revolutionizes industry -Father of scientific management – standardize work use of the assembly line combined to the automobile industry = Boom Henry Ford perfects the use of the assembly line for the automobile industry [by 1930] Ford sold over 20 million cars, most being the Model T [by 1929] 26 million automobiles are registered in the U.S. [by 1925] cost of an automobile is $260 -everyone can afford a car (or, if poor, at least a used car) One in every 4.9 Americans has an automobile in 1929 -The automobile leads to booms in other industries -rubber, glass, fabrics, gas stations, oil barracks in TX, CA, OK, garages -But, significant decrease in railroads -the automobile changes American lives -can go on vacation -drive to work, commute (can live further from the workplace) – rise to suburbs -freedom for teenagers -more traffic accidents
New Products and Ideas V Change the lives of women acuum cleaners Washing machines Refrigerators Mixers Fans Ideas: -The Supermarket – changes the diets of Americans -Electricity – by the mid-1920s, 60% of new homes are wired for electricity
Radio Marconi invented wireless telegraphy in the 1890s -was first widely used during the WWI [by 1920s] Radio becomes the center of family life [by 1927] Sales of radios reach $7 million First major radio station – NBC Second major radio station – CBS Mass-Produced Entertainment Movies – [by 1920s] Center of the movie industry is Hollywood, CA -cheap storage space in Hollywood -first movie with a plot? Great Train Robbery [1903] [Early 1920s] Silent films -Charlie Chaplin -Rudolph Valentino -Mary Pickford [1927] the first “talkie” – The Jazz Singer [by 1930] 80 million people attend the movies weekly -was cheap - 5¢, hence the phrase “nickelodeon” Magazines – Reader’s Digest Books – esp. in department stores – more accessible than before Mass-Produced Work During the 1920s, work in industries becomes standardized -work is tedious -wages increase (ex. Ford pays $5 a day to his workers) -standard 8-hour workday Agriculture -agricultural prices decline in the 1920s Encouraging Mass Consumption Advertisements [1929] companies spent $1.8 billion on advertisements -use celebrities, sex, social embarrassment, social success, slogans… Installment Buying “buy now, pay later” Chain Stores Strawbridge’s, Ford dealership, A&P grocery New Management Techniques Prohibition – 18th Amendment -repealed with the 21st Amendment go to “speakeasy” for alcohol (a bar) Bathtub gin –homemade alcohol Bootlegging –increase in mob activity (the mob brought alcohol to speakeasies) “Hooch” – alcohol Elliot Ness
Charles Lindbergh -First solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic [1927], lands in Paris -a 33 ½ hour flight Babe Ruth -player for the Yankees after the Red Sox sol him [1927] 60 homeruns in one season
Birth control – led by Margaret Sanger, Emma Goldman (deported) “Flapper” – new woman of the 1920s Teenagers take a more relaxed stance on sex -casual dating Sigmund Freud -relates all people’s problems to sexual repression
Sinclair Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway – Farewell to Arms T. S. Eliot – poet William Faulkner Robert Frost Racial Pride Harlem Renaissance – Harlem is the center of African-American culture -Langston Hughes (poet and author) -Marcus Garvey – UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association) advocated a return to Africa
Frank Lloyd Wright “Form follows function” Build a building that fits its surroundings Empire State building [1931] officially opens Chrysler Building The Jazz Age Jazz originates in New Orleans Chicago! – Jazz moves with the Great Migration Musicians Jelly Roll Morton Joseph King Oriel Louis Armstrong Politics of the 1920s Warren G. Harding -senator from Ohio -his friends were called the “Ohio Gang” -Biggest Problem? Can’t say “no” Secretary of Treasury – Andrew Mellon Secretary of State – Charles Evan Hughes Secretary of Commerce – Herbert Hoover Going to appoint 4 of the 9 Supreme Court Justices Chief Justice – William H. Taft Kill progressive legislation Esch-Commons Transportation Act of 1920
Encourages consolidation of railroads To help save the railroads Washington Naval Conference [1921-1922] (no Russia) Five-Power Naval Treaty Creates quotas (in tonnage) to limit the number of ships a country can have U.S. (525 000), Great Britain (525 000), Japan (315 000), France (175 000), Italy (175 000) U.S. and Great Britain agree not to fortify East Asian possessions Four-Power Treaty U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France Agree to keep the status quo in the Pacific Nine-Power Treaty Nine nations agree to observe the Open-Door Policy in China *One of the biggest failures of the Washing Naval Conference is that the treaties do not include small ships (ex: submarines, destroyers, cruisers)* Fortney-McCumber Tariff Raises tariffs to 38.5% -hurts Europe because they cannot sell as many goods to the U.S. -also hurts U.S. because Europe creates higher tariffs in response Scandals Charles Forbes – steals millions of dollars from Veteran’s Bureau Teapot Dome Scandal – Albert Fall, Secretary of Interior, leases U.S. oil reserves to private businesses Attorney General Dougherty sells illegal liquor permits and pardons Prohibition offenders [1923] Harding dies of pneumonia VP Calvin Coolidge “Silent Cal” takes over
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