U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland
- William Jennings Bryan William McKinley
- William McKinley The Farmer’s Revolt
- Age of Industry Railroads
- Inventions of the Industrial Age
- Big Business in the Industrial Age Railroads
- Gospel of Wealth
- The New Look of the City
- Problems of the New City
- Who are moving to the Cities
- Who are helping immigrants
- The Frontier Native Americans on the Great Plains
Grover Cleveland -First Democrat elected since Buchanan -not an active president -Congress is Republican
-tries to clean it up (pension problems) -he vetoes several hundred individual pension bills At the end of his first term, Cleveland wants to reduce the high tariff -there is a huge surplus in the U.S. Treasury
Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote Benjamin Harrison wins the electoral vote
Benjamin Harrison His term lasts from 1889 – 1893 Under Harrison and the Republican-controlled Congress, many legislations are passed Congress is ruled by (Speaker of the House) Thomas B. Reed, “The Czar”
The McKinley Tariff Bill – raises the tariff rate up to 48% The Sherman Silver Purchase Act -government agrees to buy 4 million ounces of silver per month and turn it into money The Sherman Anti-Trust Act -makes it illegal to put any restraint on trade The Congress of 1888-1890 “The Billion-Dollar Congress” -spend a lot of the treasury surplus river and harbor improvements Steamship subsidies Pension Act of 1890 – allows more veterans to collect pension Return federal taxes paid by Northern states -deplete the surplus in the Treasury Election of 1892 Republicans – Benjamin Harrison Democrats – Grover Cleveland – wins Populist – James B. Weaver Grover Cleveland Cleveland believes in “hard” money – money that is backed up by gold/gold standard During his 2nd term, gold reserves are lowered to about $41 million -threatens to go off the gold standard with such low gold reserves -use money not backed by gold -inflation (acceptable minimum for gold reserves is $100 million) Cleveland asks J.P. Morgan to help raise money for the U.S. -Morgan sells U.S. bonds overseas and acquires $65 million in gold for the U.S. Cleveland also gets the Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed Major depression takes hold in 1893 -Caused by the usual – over-speculation of western lands -caused by LOW GOLD RESERVES Labor problems -labor disputes throughout the country Gold vs. Silver – should silver be used in the money supply? Election of 1896 – central issue is gold vs. silver
McKinley wins – last Gilded Age president Where are the people of power? Why aren’t they in politics? -They are all in business – can make money, empires, and billions – tycoons -i.e. the Carnegies, Rockefeller…
William McKinley The Farmer’s Revolt -during the Civil War, prices for crops were very high -after the Civil War, farmers experience many problems
Crop prices fall Wheat – [1873] a bushel of wheat - $1.21 [1885] a bushel of wheat - $0.49 Cotton – [1873] a pound of cotton - $0.21 [1885] a pound of cotton - $0.05 Railroad prices are extremely high -farmers had to ship their goods New farm technology was expensive Many farmers only grow one crop -In order to solve their problems, farmers begin taking action – form the Patrons of Husbandry -at first, was a social group -then, they form cooperatives in order to buy seeds and machinery in bulk -“Granger Laws” are passed to protect farmers -Greenback Labor Party is one of the first parties that farmers join [1892] farmers from the west and the south meet in Nebraska and form the Populist Party The Populist Party is exclusively the farmer’s party Populist Platform Higher taxes placed on the wealthy Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones Direct election of senators Want free coinage of silver Age of Industry Railroads [1865] 35 000 miles of railroad [1900s] 192 565 miles of railroad – most of the growth takes place in the West Transcontinental Railroad -Two companies are chosen – Union Pacific Railroad – starts in Nebraska and heads west Central Pacific Railroad – starts in California and heads east Workers on the Railroad -Chinese – 12 000 Chinese workers – esp. on the Central Pacific side -Irish Both provide cheap labor Starts in 1865, ends in May 10, 1869 Meet at Promontory Point, Utah Leland Stanford hammers in the golden spike to complete the railroad Significance: Connects the East and the West Travel from the West Coast to the East Coast drops from one month to one week -Four other transcontinental railroads are built: The Great Northern Railroad The Northern Pacific Railroad The Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad The Southern Pacific Railroad Developments in Railroads Steel rails – replaced iron rails -stronger, sturdier, safer -promoted by Cornelius Vanderbilt Standard Track Gauge -all rail lines are of the same width Air brakes – developed by George Westinghouse Adopted in the 1870s by railroad companies Telegraph – help avoid accidents The Pullman Palace Cars – “first class” TIME ZONES -Four time zones are created on November 18, 1883 -Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific Significance of Railroads:
Create a true national economy Spurs mining and agriculture in the West Increases immigration – railroad companies advertised the sale of land in Europe Makes millionaires – ex. Cornelius Vanderbilt Destroys the environment – hasten the killing of the buffalo Major Problems with Railway Industries: Railroad owners have too much power Stock Prices were inflated for railroad companies Owners colluded (work together) to keep prices up Very corrupt – bribe officials, judges, and politicians A few individuals controlled the entire industry Eventually, the government brings some control to the railroads [1886] the Wabash Case The Supreme Court rules that states cannot regulate interstate commerce [1887] the Interstate Commerce Act First Regulatory Agency in the United States Congress creates the Interstate Commerce Commission, which oversees the railroads Inventions of the Industrial Age [1860-1890] over 440 000 patents are issued in the United States Cash register Stock ticker Typewriter Refrigerated railcar – improved the transportation of meat and produce Electric railway – invented by Frank Sprague Sewing machine Notables: Telephone [1876] invented by Alexander Graham Bell Frederick W. Taylor -Father of “scientific management” -studied the movements of coal operators and designs the perfect motions for different jobs Thomas Alva Edison -phonograph -electric light bulb -kinetoscope [pre-cursor of the motion picture] -stock ticker? -Electric chair – Edison wanted to use AC electricity to embarrass Westinghouse on a debate; Edison supported DC electricity and invented the electric chair that used AC electricity in the hopes of scaring people Inventions and technology lead to Mass Production on a consumer scale -leads to advertising -Quaker Oats -Heinz Ketchup -Campbell Soup [from Camden, NJ] -Kodak
Leader in this industry are the Vanderbilt’s Steel -Replaces iron, particularly in railroads -The Bessemer process makes the production of steel cheaper and more popular Leader in this industry is Andrew Carnegie -Controlled ¼ of the entire steel industry in the United States -Believed in vertical integration -having control over all of the processes for the industry - (ex. Having control over the ore companies…) - [1900] Carnegie sells his steel company for $400 million to J.P. Morgan -develops the Gospel of Wealth -says that wealthy individuals should give money to charity
-oil is first used in sub-medicines [seen as a nuisance], then used as kerosene in lamps, then oil is used as gasoline for automobiles Leader in this industry is John D. Rockefeller [1882] Rockefeller organizes the Standard Oil Trust Believes in horizontal integration -having control over the entire industry Controlled 95% of the oil industry
Leader in this industry is J.P. Morgan -takes failing companies and re-organizes them [1901] after he buys the steel companies from Carnegie, he creates the U.S. Street Corporation, which was worth $1.4 billion Believes in interlocking directories -places workers from his bank on the Board of Directors of different companies Effects of the Industrial Age Monopolies are created in many industries (especially oil) [1890] Sherman Antitrust Act -forbids any combinations that place a restraint on trade -that act is NOT used to break up monopolies -instead, it is used to restrict the creation of labor unions Effects of the Industrial Age on the South: Relatively unaffected by industrialization – agriculture-based economy One industry that does flourish in the South – tobacco monopoly The American Tobacco Company is controlled by James Buchanan Duke -Donates $1 million to a university – Duke University Second major industry – textile mills Effects of the Industrial Age on women: Provides new job opportunities Ex: switchboard operators, typists, some factory jobs -smaller families -wait longer for marriage -independence ex: “Gibson Girls”: the image of the new, independent woman Effects of the Industrial Age on the worker: -shift in jobs from farming to factory work [By 1900] 2 out of 3 Americans were “wage-earners” [paid by the hour] Working life was controlled by the whistle Workers faced tough conditions in the workplace -12-16 hour workdays -10 hours were typical -wages were low -conditions were dangerous -Workers lacked power to bring about changes – lead to the rise of labor unions Labor Unions: National Labor Union [1866-1872] Knights of Labor [1869-1890s] Include both skilled and unskilled labor Led by Terence Powderly Their downfall begins after the Haymarket Riot in Chicago [1886]
American Federation of Labor [1886- ] Led by Samuel Gompers Umbrella Organization Dealt with the bread and butter issues -wanted shorter hours and higher wages Dealt primarily with skilled labor
[1860] no city had over 1 million people [1890] three cities with over 1 million -New York City, NY -Philadelphia, PA -Chicago, IL [1915]NYC has over 3.5 million people -Second largest city in the world (London was #1) The New Look of the City The Skyscraper -usage of steel -Perfection of the elevator – perfected by Elisha Otis – invented an emergency braking system Mass Transit -electric railcar (Frank Sprague) Department Stores -JC Penny -Macy’s
-Woolworth’s Begin the age of consumerism Modern Life Indoor plumbing Telephones Electricity – Night Life
Industrialization - factories Bridges Brooklyn Bridge – completed in 1883 – designed by John Roebling Problems of the New City Housing – many lived in the slums, called tenement housing [1878] the Dumbbell Housing is created -get more air into the apartment, lighter -bathroom in the middle of that floor However, the plan is worse than tenement housing -worse fire hazard -garbage accumulates in the air shafts Sanitation Sometimes, sewers were non-existent Garbage pickup was sparse Roads go un-repaired (potholes)
Crime Corruption -in many cities, political bosses controlled the cities and stole from the government -in NYC, Boss Tweed stole over $100 million from 1866-1871 -worked out of Tammany Hall
Farmers -move to the cities for steady wages in the factories Immigrants [1880-1920] approximately 25 million immigrants come to the U.S.
-Ethnic enclave – small communities of the same ethnic background Ex: “Little Italy”, Chinatown, “Little Poland” Why are they coming?
Religious freedom Political escape from political unrest Jobs Opportunity to make it rich Escape overcrowded cities Land! Education – benefit the children Beginning in 1892, an immigrant coming to the U.S. would most likely travel through Ellis Island – 70% of all immigrants after 1892 enter through Ellis Island Only 2% are banned from entering – 98% of all immigrants get in Beginning in 1886 – the Statue of Liberty was given to the U.S. as a gift from France -becomes a welcome sign to the U.S. Who are helping immigrants? Political Bosses -ex. Boss Tweed from NYC Church Esp. Walter Rauschenbush, Washington Gladden – two clergymen who help the poor Jane Addams Founds the Hull House in Chicago -English instruction -Counseling -Child care services -Cultural activities
“Nativists” oppose the influx of immigrants at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century Oppose: immigration, organized labor, American Protective Association, wage earners Government Reaction [1882] Chinese Exclusion Act is passed [1882] Immigration Act of 1882 -shuts out the very poor, the insane and the criminals [1885] Contract Labor Law -no employer in the U.S. can pay for an immigrant’s passage
“Survival of the fittest” is an idea from Thomas Malthus [1920s] Scopes Trial: the Church vs. Darwin
Founds the Tuskegee Institute Was a proponent for equality for African-Americans Wants gradual equality – wants them to learn skills first in order to build equality W.E.B. Dubois Calls for immediate equality First African-American to receive a PhD in Harvard Wanted equal success opportunities immediately The New Colleges Morrill Act [1862] Passed after the South was seceded Granted land for colleges – Land Grant Colleges In return – provides services (ex. Military training) Hatch Act Extended the Morrill Act Provided federal funds for establishment of agricultural experimentations in connections with colleges Yellow Journalism – sensationalist journalism (tabloids) William Randolph Hearst – very powerful in the newspaper industry – built a chain Joseph Pulitzer – first to use color in newspapers – big time sales
By the late 1860s, many Native American groups are fighting each other over the buffalo After the Civil War ends, settlers begin moving out to the west – U.S. takes an active position on placing Native Americans in reservations [1851] Fort Laramie Treaty [1853] Fort Atkinson Treaty The previous two treatises:
set boundaries for Native Americans paid tribute to Native American tribes set hunting grounds for the Native Americans allows U.S. to build forts and railroads on Native American territory [1864] Sand Creek Massacre (in Colorado) 400 Native Americans (the Sioux) are massacred after surrendering [1866] Sioux War Party kills 81 U.S. soldiers on a Montana trail [1874] Gold is discovered in the Black Hills of South Dakota in Native American territory [1876] Battle of Little Bighorn “Custer’s Last Stand” -General George A. Custer and 264 U.S. soldiers are wiped out by the Sioux Significance: -the height of Native American resistance to forced relocation after the war -Last major victory for the Native Americans [1877] Chief Joseph and the Nez Pērce Indians surrender [1880s] Geronimo and Apaches eventually surrender to the U.S. Army [1890] the Massacre at Wounded Knee -200 Native American men, women, and children are massacred by the U.S. Army -Native Americans were doing the Ghost Dance (illegal) Significance: -Ends Native American Resistance on the Great Plains The Buffalo -the most important aspect of Native American life on the Great Plains -tribes use the buffalo for everything, everything of the buffalo is used [1865] 15 million buffalo on the Great Plains [1890] less than one thousand buffalo on the Great Plains [1900] less than 50 buffalo on the Great Plains What happened?
For Sport – tourists would come to the Great Plains and kill buffalo for fun Railroads – Railroad workers kill the buffalo for food -shoot the buffalo to keep them off the tracks (might derail the train) White Hunters – killed the buffalo for the tongue and hides -Left the carcass to rot – shocking to the Native Americans [1881] Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor -highlights the broken treaties by the U.S. Government [1887] Dawes Act -the U.S. government breaks up the tribal system and gives Native American families plots of land -tries to “Americanize” Native Americans -places Native American children into white schools Insults the Native Americans, who valued the tribe system Why are people moving west?
Land [1862] U.S. Government passes the Homestead Act -gives anyone 160 acres of land who promises to work and improve on the land -Life was not easy on the Great Plains -2 out of 3 Homestead-ers give up and return to the East Problems for farming -No water, rain is scarce -Fencing -Housing
Solutions -Housing – sod houses -Fencing – barbed wire [invented in the 1870s] -Water – Dry Farming (deep wells) – Irrigation projects Mining People are searching for gold, silver, and other metals Boom Towns – towns spring to life with the discovery of metals -after everything is mined out… Ghost Town – abandoned, left for dead Businesses made money in mining – could afford more tools and machinery
Cattle Ranching [By 1865] over 5 million cattle wandering through Texas -cowboys would herd the cattle to railroads in Kansas and Nebraska -the cattle would then be shipped to Chicago -Chicago becomes the center of the meat industry Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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