U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- Thomas Jefferson’s accomplishments in his first term
- Election of 1804
- Dartmouth College v. Woodward [1819]
- McCulloch v. Maryland [1819]
- Gibbons v. Ogden [1824] “steamboat case”
- Election of 1824 “The Corrupt Bargain”
- John Quincy Adams’s Presidency
- Andrew Jackson-Jacksonian Democracy The Spoils System
The Duel -By the early 1800s, the Federalist power was only found in the Northeast -Some Federalists (upset by loss of power) want to split the union and have the northeast to leave the union to save the power
tell this plan to Alexander Hamilton (head of the Federalists) Hamilton is disgusted Aaron Burr goes along with the plan and decides to run for governor of NY -wants to win NY -have NY to be part in the north east secession Hamilton turns against Burr and begins writing articles and essays against him -Burr is so outraged; he challenges Hamilton to a duel -Hamilton accepted [July 11, 1804] Burr and Hamilton meet in Weehawken, NJ Hamilton is quicker, but shoots over Burr’s head – did he mean to miss? The next shot is from Burr [July 12, 1804] Hamilton dies of a gunshot wound to his stomach Burr destroys his political image/career Burr flees out west Hated by the public Was arrested but was found not guilty for trying to sell the West Returns to NY and continues to practice law until his death Federalist Party dies a slow death Thomas Jefferson’s accomplishments in his first term: Louisiana Purchase War with the Barbary Pirates – brings respect to the U.S. Doubles foreign trade Lowers national debt by $25 million Started paying British merchants for pre-revolutionary war debts People are quickly populating the western side of the Mississippi River Adding more states 17 states by 1803 adding more territories Slave state? Free State? -becomes a growing problem Election of 1804 Thomas Jefferson is easily re-elected There were only 14 votes against him
[October 1805] Lord Nelson defeats the French navy at Battle of Trafalgar [Late 1805] French armies led by Napoleon defeat Russian and Austrian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz Britain controls the seas while France controls the land the Europe Britain creates the Orders in Council [1806] -forbids any neutral country from trading with a country under Napoleon unless they stop at Great Britain first France creates the Imperial Decrees -French navy will seize any ship that is heading for Great Britain In addition, the British continue to impress U.S. soldiers The Chesapeake Incident [1807]
The Chesapeake is a U.S. ship Stopped by the H.M.S. (His/Her Majesty’s Ship) Leopard looking for deserters Captain of the Chesapeake refuses the search The Leopard opens fire into the side of the Chesapeake (kills 3, injures 18) Chesapeake makes it back into the U.S. – the people are outraged Jefferson passes the Embargo Act Halts trade with the rest of the world Negatively affects the U.S. economy -unemployment rises (Northeast is the most affected) – nicknamed “O’ Grab Me” Act -Affects farmers (prices for crops drop) -Foreign trade drops from $135 million [1806] to $25 million [1808]
Very unsuccessful But jumpstarts the building of industry (self-dependence) in the Northeast [March 1, 1809] Jefferson repeals Embargo Act and replaces it Non-Intercourse Act [1809] Opens trade to the world but not with Great Britain or France [March 4, 1809] James Madison becomes President James Madison Background – Fourth President “Father of the Constitution” Author of the Federalist Papers Virginia Resolutions Democratic-Republican Secretary of State under Jefferson From Virginia 5’4” and 100 lbs George Clinton – Vice President James Monroe – Secretary of State Albert Gallatin – Secretary of Treasury
Non-Intercourse Act is set to expire after one year Macan’s Bill No. 2
opens up trade with everyone (including Great Britain and France) if Great Britain or France repeals their trade restrictions, the U.S. will halt trade with the other -Napoleon seizes the opportunity-says he will lift the Imperial Decrees [August 1810] - [November 1810] Madison agrees to halt trade with Great Britain -Madison has indirectly aligned the U.S. with France -Napoleon has no intention of lifting the Decrees – continues to seize U.S. ships -Napoleon has set the U.S. and Great Britain on the path to war [1810] Congressional Election -brings new, inexperience leaders to Congress “War Hawks” eager to fight a war of their own led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina want more land want to get rid of Native American menace in the west want to secure U.S. maritime rights mostly from the west and the south Native Americans Tecumseh and Prophet – Shawnee chiefs - create a N. American Confederation -intend to rid the Ohio Valley of white settlers William Henry Harrison – governor of IN territory – attack N.A. at Prophetstown Battle of Tippecanoe Indians strike first Harrison defeats them – crushes the confederation -discovers that the British supply N. Americans with guns through Canada Madison declares war on Great Britain [July 1, 1812] The northeast is opposed to war -many New England states send gold to Great Britain -many New England states send supplies to Canada -governors of New England states refuse to allow militia to serve outside state borders War Hawks want Canada and Florida War of 1812 Problems for the U.S. at the start of the war: small army of only 7 000 men lack of money small navy of 16 ships lack of unity Invasions of Canada Lake Erie Battle of Thames Battle of Plattsburgh Washington D.C. Baltimore Battle of New Orleans Invasion(s) of Canada -U.S. lands a three-pronged attack on Canada in 1812 – fails miserably and loses Detroit -several more attempts in 1813, all fail Lake Erie [September 1813] -Oliver Hazzard Perry builds a fleet of ships to fight against the British -Defeats the British at Battle of Put-In Bay “We have met the enemy, and they are ours” – first U.S. success in the war
Battle of Thames [1813] -because of British defeat on Lake Erie, the British are forced to retreat from Detroit back to Canada -William Henry Harrison catches the British and defeats them – killed Tecumseh Battle of Plattsburgh [September 11, 1814] -before the battle, 14 000 experience British soldiers are sent to North America Plan – to take control over New York and get northeast to secede -Thomas Macdonough 30 years old – leads U.S. naval forces on Lake Champlain against the British Emerge victorious (with ships/slaughterhouses)
Washington D.C. -Britain lands forces on the Potomac River and begin marching to D.C. -met at Bladensburg by U.S. militia forces but U.S. is easily defeated -British march into Washington D.C.
burn down the Capitol building, Library of Congress, President’s House Madison and members of government are chased into surrounding hills Dolly Madison saves portrait of Washington Baltimore [September 1814] -following D.C., the British move on to Baltimore, MD -U.S. puts up a heavy resistance at Fort McHenry and halts the British offensive -British are forced to retreat from Baltimore Francis Scott Key writes the “Star-Spangled Banner” Battle of New Orleans [January 1815] -Andrew Jackson Defeated Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 Defeated British in Pensacola, FL Promoted to Major – General -Jackson guesses that the British are going to attack New Orleans -begins to organize for the defense of the city [December 23, 1814] British make an initial attack but quickly retreat [January 8, 1815] British return to New Orleans with 7 500 men – lead a full frontal attack -a terrible decision by British officers 2 000 British die/injured 13 U.S. soldiers killed, 60 wounded Great victory for the U.S. – even if fought two weeks after treaty was signed Propels Andrew Jackson to the status of war hero Treaty of Ghent [December 24, 1814] Signed in Belgium All land acquired in the war is returned to its original owner Return to status quo War ends in a draw Treaty makes no mention of: -impressments -seizure of ships -influencing of Native Americans U.S. slogans Before war – “On to Canada!” After war – “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost.” What does the war accomplish?
Ends Native American resistance in Ohio Valley End to Federalist party -Hartford Convention Federalists from five northeastern states meet in Hartford to discuss amendments to the Constitution end to the Virginian presidents Lessen the power of the South and West Protect U.S. commerce Send proposals to Washington D.C. [January 1815] Proposals are shunned-Federalist party withers away Respect for the U.S. Second war for American Independence? National unity emerges -this period becomes known as the Era of Good Feelings Post-War Period Nationalism – pride in one’s country National Anthem Slogans a Rebuilt Capital – redesigned the entire capital city People begin to view themselves as Americans Respect grows for American literature Washington Irving – “Rip Van Winkle” Sleepy Hollow James Cooper – Last of the Mohicans Noah Webster – the dictionary
The American System–developed by Henry Clay, supposed to strengthen the U.S. Strong banking system (helps the Northeast) Protective tariff (helps the Northeast) Internal improvements (helps South and West) – money to help build roads and improved transportation in the U.S. Madison’s Accomplishments after the War of 1812 [1816] creates the second National Bank [1816] Tariff of 1816 is passed – 20% tax on value of imported goods increases army to 10 000 Madison’s Failure after the War of 1812 vetoes the Bonus Bill – would have given $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements James Monroe Monroe’s presidency is called the “Era of Good Feelings” His first two years will be successful – after 1819, Monroe is plagued with problems Background: Fifth president Co purchaser of Louisiana From Virginia Minister to France Served in the Revolutionary War Judicial Nationalism – increasing power of the judicial and federal -led by John Marshall and the Supreme Court
Era of Good Feelings Pre-1819 -land agreements with Great Britain Rush-Bagot Agreement Neither country will place warships on the Great Lakes Mr. Allen- “No boom-boom on the Great Lakes” Treaty of 1818 Sets the 49th parallel as a border between U.S. and Canada The U.S. and Great Britain agree to share Oregon for ten years The U.S. can use fisheries in Newfoundland -Florida Spain was dealing with revolutions in Chile, Venezuela and Argentina Spain was not able to deal with problems in Florida U.S. sends Andrew Jackson to deal with these problems Instruction to NOT touch Spanish cities Despite this, he takes over two cities Jackson hangs two Englishmen By 1818 – had conquered all of Florida Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams – suggests to an angry Monroe to get FL -Adams-Onis Treaty For $5 million, the Spanish decide to sell Florida to the U.S. after James Monroe gave them an ultimatum 1819-1824 -Panic of 1819 a depression takes hold in the U.S. in 1819 caused by an over-speculation of Western lands – affects the West the most -Missouri Compromise [1820] [1819] eleven free states, eleven slave states Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state Henry Clay “the Great Compromiser” develops a plan to appease Missouri enters as a slave state Maine enters as a free state 36°30’ line is created for the Louisiana Purchase area – all lands north of it will be free, all lands south of it will be slave This brings into public discussion the issue of slavery – settles the issue for 30 years I
Prussia Austria
France n the early 1820s, European nations are working together to restore monarchies
Holy Alliance formed Great Britain does not join-going to threaten its economy -asks U.S. to join an alliance against European nations that would prevent European expansion into Latin America Great Britain has economic interests in Latin America John Quincy Adams does not want the U.S. to sign an alliance with Britain – U.S. would not be able to expand into Latin America in the future -Monroe Doctrine (written by John Quincy Adams) Nonintervention of Latin America by any European nation Non-colonization of Latin America by any European nation -delivered to Congress in December 1823 Problem – U.S. does not have a strong navy to support doctrine Solution – Great Britain does – unwillingly backs up the doctrine
One party – the Republicans – Candidates: Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory” Hero of New Orleans Conquered Florida Defeated Native Americans at Horseshoe Bend From Tennessee – support from the Southwest Born in SC – orphaned at the age of ten Slave owner Senator and congressman Viewed as a “common man” Henry Clay “the Great Compromiser” Leader of the War Hawks Missouri Compromise Representative of Kentucky in Congress Speaker of the House of Representatives Support from the West John Quincy Adams Secretary of State under Monroe From Massachusetts Son of the second president, John Adams Support from the Northeast William Crawford Secretary of Treasury under Monroe From Georgia Broad national support Results: Jackson – 99 Electoral votes Adams – 84 Electoral votes Crawford – 41 Electoral votes Clay – 37 Electoral votes Total of 261 votes Jackson does not have the majority House of Representatives decides from the top three contenders *note – Henry Clay is the House’s speaker* Crawford is paralyzed from a heart attack Clay hates Jackson – thinks he is a barbarian [January 1825] The House votes and on the first ballot, John Q. Adams is named president [3 days later] Adams names Clay the Secretary of State Jackson and his supporters are outraged and call it “Corrupt Bargain” Jackson is so angry that… -he resigns from his seat in Senate -spends the next four years working to get Adams and Clay out of office John Quincy Adams’s Presidency Elected by less than 1/3 of the population H Unsuccessful presidency as “Corrupt Bargain” surrounding his presidency Awkward socially Cold towards people Odd person -has nationalistic plans Wants to build roads Wants to increase army and navy Wants to build a national university Wants to build observatories -but the country has fallen out of the nationalistic mood Wants to be friendly to the Native Americans -the states do not listen Tariff of 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” [1828] Jackson’s supporters in Congress are willing to give one more black eye to Adams Create a tariff with ridiculously high rates The tariff actually passes Angers the South -SC argues that they have the right to nullify the tariff -John C. Calhoun, the vice president, writes “The South Carolina Exposition” Displays the growing sectionalism in the U.S.
Democratic-Republicans – Andrew Jackson National-Republicans – John Quincy Adams
Results: Jackson – 178 Electoral votes Adams – 83 Electoral votes After the election, Jackson’s wife dies [December 24, 1828] from a broken heart -when Jackson married Rachel, her previous marriage was thought to be over but was not -the mudslinging during the election included this issue John Q. Adams becomes a representative from MA and participates in the House of Representatives for 17 years This election changes the type of person that will be president in the future When Jackson is inaugurated, tens of thousands of “common” citizens show up at D.C. Jackson opens the White House to the public – “Inaugural Brawl”
Expanded Suffrage Suffrage – the right to vote Before the 1820s, many states had property requirements to vote By 1828, most states have dropped those requirements – allows more people to vote “People” – white males Twice as many vote in 1828 (1 155 000) than in 1824 (326 000) Methods of Voting Begin changing to paper ballots Easier to vote during the 1820s Political Parties Party tickets form in the 1820s Conventions begin -First to do so was the Anti-Masonic Party [1831] -hotels begin to be built New Candidates Appeal to the common man Andrew Jackson Davy Crockett – semi-literate Congressman for Tennessee
Giving government jobs to political supporters “To the victor, goes the spoils” Jackson believes - government jobs should be open to everyone (if you support Jackson) Jackson wants to get Adams and Clay supporters out of the government Replaces 20% of all government workers The Peggy Eaton Affair Secretary of War – John Eaton – marries Peggy O’Neale Her father owned a hotel in D.C. – she reportedly slept with many of the men there The women of D.C. refuse to accept Peggy Jackson sides with the Eatons
Jackson refuses to meet with his regular Cabinet after incident – instead, he meets with the “Kitchen Cabinet” Martin Van Buren uses the incident to get in the good graces of Jackson – allows Van Buren to become president in 1837 Jackson and Calhoun (vice president) become bitter enemies Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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