U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- Early Conflicts and Expansion
- U.S. Acquisitions 1850-1917
- William McKinley William Jennings Bryan
- Speak softly and carry a big stick”
- Connect the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean
- Keep Europe out of North America
- Stop unwanted immigration
- Reforms of the Progressives in Politics
- Progressivism in the Cities and States
- Teddy Roosevelt – The Square Deal (domestic policy) Control of Corporations Consumer Protection
- Conservation of Natural Resources
- William H. Taft
- William H. Taft Teddy Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson Eugene V. Debs
Oklahoma -last part of the U.S. to be opened to settlement -opened on April 22, 1889 – “sooners” sneak in before the official opening [1890] U.S. census officially declares the closing of the American Frontier [1893] Frederick Jackson Turner writes “the Significance of the Frontier in American History” – romanticizes the West Early Conflicts and Expansion China Treaty of Whangia – gives U.S. “most favored nation” status and opens four ports -exclusively for the U.S. Japan [1852] Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Japan and opens them into trade Significance: the U.S. is beginning to play a larger role in world affairs Alaska [1867] Secretary of State William Seward buys Alaska from Russia Treaty of Washington [1871] -settles disputes between Great Britain and U.S. from the Civil War Samoa [1889] Germany, Great Britain, and the U.S. form a joint protectorate over the islands of Samoa – first time the U.S. is expanding to other parts of the world Chile [1891] two U.S. sailors are killed by a Chilean mob -the two sides come very close to war over this incident -Ultimately, the Chilean government backs down and apologizes Significance: U.S. displays a willingness to go to war over minor issues Venezuela [1895] Great Britain and Venezuela are arguing over land U.S. Secretary of State – Richard Olney -claims that Great Britain is trying to violate the Monroe Doctrine There is talk of war between Great Britain and the U.S., but eventually, Great Britain backs down and agrees to arbitration Significance: Great Britain recognizes the growing power of the U.S. and decides to make them an ally
Hawaii Americans had gained considerable control on the islands of Hawaii [1875] a trade agreement is set up [1887] a naval agreement is reached -allows U.S. to use Pearl Harbor Queen Liluokalani (of Hawaii) wants to restore Hawaii to native Hawaiians [1893] Americans (with help of U.S. Marines) overthrow Queen Lil -Cleveland does not want to annex it -Hawaii remains independent until 1898 What’s Motivating the U.S. towards Expansion?
The U.S. is overflowing with goods -expansion leads to more markets The rest of the world is expanding [1880s] Africa is divided amongst the world’s powers [1890s] China is divided into spheres of influence The Yellow Press -Pulitzer and Hearst create news to try to get the U.S. to expand [1890] Alfred Thayer Mahan writes “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” -Outlines how a country can become a world power – TR is influenced Spanish-American War [1895] Cuban rebels begin to rebel against Spanish rule and declare their independence [1896] Spain sends General Valeriano “Butcher” Weylar to Cuba to restore control -places many Cuban rebels in camps [1897] McKinley begins negotiating a peace between Cuba and Spain [1898] Feb. 11 – A New York journal prints a letter by Spanish ambassador Dupey De Lome that calls McKinley: 1) a wanna-be politician 2) a weak bidder for public administration Feb. 15 – the U.S. ship The Maine, which was anchored in Havana, Cuba, explodes -the U.S. navy blames the explosion on Spanish mine -it was actually an internal explosion -the public is outraged and begins calling for war Apr. 11 – McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain -the U.S. goes to war against Spain May 1 – Commodore George Dewey crushes the Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippines -immediately makes Dewey a hero June – 17 000 U.S. soldiers are sent to Cuba from Tampa, Florida -this staging ground is an absolute mess; eventually the troops are sent to Cuba -Included is a group called the Rough Riders – created by Theodore Roosevelt
-victorious in both July 3 – U.S. fleet in Cuba destroys the Spanish fleet July – U.S. invades and liberates Puerto Rico – Spanish are kicked out Aug. 12 – Spain and the U.S. sign armistice Biggest Problem for the U.S. during the war is DISEASE -400 U.S. soldiers die in battle -5 000 U.S. soldiers die from disease -at one point, 80% of the U.S. army had some form of a tropical disease
Cuba is granted independence by Spain -When Congress passed the declaration of war, they also passed the Teller Amendment, which declared that Cuba would receive their independence from the U.S. U.S. receives Guam U.S. receives Puerto Rico U.S. receives the Philippines for $20 million U.S. Acquisitions 1850-1917 Alaska [1867] – purchase from Russia Philippines [1898] from the Spanish-American War (7 000 islands) Guam [1898] from the Spanish-American War Samoa [1899] joint protectorate with just Germany Wake Island [1899] U.S. navy stops there and takes control of the island during the Spanish American War Midway Island [1867] – given by Captain Brooks Hawaii [1898] annexed Puerto Rico [1898] during the Spanish-American War What do these acquisitions mean for the U.S.? The U.S. has commitments in locations around the world With more land, there is a louder call in the U.S. for a larger navy Restructuring of the War Department -Elihu Root takes over the War Department and creates a General Staff The rift between the North and the South seems to close after the Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War signals the arrival of the U.S. as a world power Dealing with an Empire Philippines – the people of the Philippines had hoped to achieve their independence -The Philippines is directly controlled by the U.S. -they begin to revolt against the U.S. rule [1899-1901] -the Filipino Insurrection -Was much longer and costlier than the Spanish-American War was -the revolt was led by Emilio Aguinaldo William H. Taft -Civil Governor of the Philippines -calls the Philippine people “his little brown brothers” Cuba -The Teller Amendment gave Cuba their independence, but the U.S. wants some control -made Cuba include the Platt Amendment into their Constitution Platt Amendment: Cuba could not make treaties Cuba could not go into debt U.S. could step in when necessary No foreign powers in Cuba Cuba agrees to lease land to the U.S. for a naval base (only term of the amendment that still survives today) – Guantanamo Bay -Colonel William Gorgas and Dr. Walter Reed seek to wipe out yellow fever in Cuba Puerto Rico Foraker Act of 1900 -gives Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government [1917] Puerto Ricans are granted U.S. citizenship -millions of dollars are spent on improving the infrastructure of Puerto Rico Opposition at home Anti-Imperialists: Andrew Carnegie Samuel Gompers William J. Bryan Mark Twain U.S. on the World Stage [1895] China is defeated by Japan and subsequently is split into spheres of influence -Great Britain, Russia, Germany, Japan, France -U.S. and Secretary of State John Hay create the Open Door Policy -give every country the opportunity to trade in China and respect China’s independence -Russia rejects it [1900] The Boxer Rebellion (the Righteous Fists of Harmony) -an extreme Chinese nationalist group – they want to end foreign influence in China -begin attacking foreigners – 200 are killed -it is eventually put down by soldiers from: Germany, U.S., Great Britain, France, Japan, and Russia -The Chinese are forced to pay $334 million in damages After the Boxer Rebellion, Hay and the U.S. once again issue the Open-Door Policy -it becomes accepted by the major powers
McKinley wins again [Sept 1901] McKinley attends an expo in Buffalo, NY -Leon Czolgosz assassinates McKinley Teddy Roosevelt becomes President
New York Graduate from Harvard Police Commissioner of New York Assistant Secretary of the Navy Founder of the Rough Riders Governor of New York Vice President Blessed with boundless energy Big game hunter in Africa Outdoors man Adventurer (the first president to fly an airplane, submarine, practice jujitsu, boxing) “Speak softly and carry a big stick” (TR’s foreign policy) Wants to increase the size of the Navy Increases from five to 25 battle ships (steel ships) Keep the balance of power in the far East Russo-Japanese War -Teddy Roosevelt acts as a negotiator – helps bring peace -called the Portsmouth Treaty -Teddy Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize for this Connect the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean Roosevelt wants to build a canal in Central America France tried first, but failed miserably (yellow fever) [1901] the U.S. signs a treaty with Great Britain
-replaces and gets rid of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty next problem – Columbia owns Panama and does not want to lease the land to the U.S. with U.S. help, Panama revolts against Columbia -Panama declares its independence and signs the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty -allows the U.S. to build a canal [1904] Construction on the canal starts [1906] Yellow fever problem is solved and construction resumes [1914] Canal is finished, costing $400 million
Keep Europe out of North America Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine -in the case of wrongdoing against a Latin-American country, the U.S. would intervene to exercise its international “police power” Significance: -Roosevelt adds teeth to the Monroe Doctrine Stop unwanted immigration (particularly in California) Many people in California are angry at Japanese immigration Roosevelt negotiates with Japan – The Gentleman’s Agreement -Japan agrees to halt the immigration of unskilled workers to the United States Demonstrate U.S. power Roosevelt sends out the Great White Fleet – 16 battleships -go in an around-the-world-expedition [1907] the Great White Fleet is well-received around the world Result: Root-Takahira Agreement -U.S. and Japan pledge to abide by the Open Door Policy in China and to respect territorial possessions around the world
Orville and Wilber Wright -two bicycle mechanics from Ohio -become interested in flight -their experiments bring them to Kitty Hawk, NC (sand dunes and wind) [December 17, 1903] The Wright brothers make the first successful flight of a human being
-at the turn of the century, there is a huge movement to right the wrongs and ills of society Goal – use the government as an agency of “human welfare” The Progressives attack: Social injustices Corruption Inefficiency in government services Monopolies An early attack against the trust was led by Henry Lloyd in his book Wealth Against Commonwealth, which attacked the Standard Oil Trust Muckrakers – (Roosevelt gives them this nickname in 1906) -journalists of the Progressive Era who attempted to expose crime, corruption, and social injustice Jacob Riis – “How the Other Half Lives” [1890] Showed the filth and squalor of living in the slums Lincoln Steffens – “The Shame of the Cities” Magazine series exposing the link between big business and city governments Ida Tarbell Attacked the Standard Oil Company Upton Sinclair – “The Jungle” Highlights the miseries of workers in stockyards and canning facilities -but actually shows the terrible conditions of meat-packing plants As a whole, the Progressive Era was led by middle-class men and women who felt that the government and society was not operating properly for the people.
Recall – allowed the voters of a state to remove elected officials before their term expired – it was created to remove officials that were taking bribes Initiative – voters could directly propose laws and legislation when the state legislation has not done so Referendum – placed laws on the ballots for the voter to give final approval Corrupt-Practices Acts – limits the amount of money a candidate could spend on the election Secret Ballots – eliminate the different color ballot for different political parties 17th Amendment – direct election of U.S. senators is given to the voters and taken away from state legislatures Women’s Suffrage – many of the liberal western states granted women the right to vote, but universal suffrage does not come about until 1920 Progressivism in the Cities and States Reform in the Cities -some cities appointed commissions on the city manager system Reform in the States -3/4 of all states pass child labor laws -workman’s compensation laws were passed -disability insurance is set up in many states -tax laws were changed to place the burden upon the rich -utility commissions are formed to keep rates low -many states pass restrictions on the sale of liquor led by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) finally achieve their goal in 1919 with the 18th Amendment Reform of the states was led by Robert Lafollette and his Wisconsin Idea Creation of a primary to choose candidates Commission to control railroad rates Competitive Civil Service Exam State supervision of banks Higher taxes for corporations Teddy Roosevelt – The Square Deal (domestic policy) Control of Corporations Consumer Protection Conservation of Natural Resources Control of Corporations TR becomes known as a “trustbuster” – breaks up many large companies [1902] 140 000 coal workers go on strike -TR threatens to send federal troops to work in the mines if the two sides do not negotiate -eventually, the two sides come to an agreement Significance: leads to the creation of Department of Commerce and Labor
Hepburn Act -strengthens the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission -brings control over railroad rates Northern Securities Case -Northern Securities – a railroad company set up by J.P. Morgan and James Hill -TR uses the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up the company [1904] Supreme Court agrees with TR Theodore Roosevelt will go on to break up 40 of these trusts in the U.S. Consumer Protection -Many people were horrified by the meat industry after reading Sinclair’s “The Jungle” Results:
The Meat Inspection Act [1906] -any meat product that passes over state lines is subject to federal inspection Pure Food and Drug Act [1906] -requires labels of ingredients for certain products -cleans up pharmaceutical industry Conservation of Natural Resources -Americans are quickly destroying many of the natural resources in the U.S. -TR was an avid outdoorsman and environmentalist -realizes the need to save natural resources in the U.S. Results:
Newlands Act [1902] -used money from the sale of western lands for irrigation projects in the west -creates canals and dams in the west Forest Reserve Act [1890] -TR uses this act to save 125 million acres of forestland in the U.S. -National parks are created (ex. Yosemite) -Gifford Pinchot is head of the U.S. Forestry Department along with TR help corporations and nature co-exist
[1908] Roosevelt hand-picks his successor William Howard Taft wins the election of 1908
-Secretary of War -Civil Governor of the Philippines -lawyer
-judge -352 pounds Taft’s Foreign Policy – “Dollar Diplomacy” -encouraged U.S. businesses to invest money into foreign nations that the U.S. had an interest in. The U.S. would then promise military protection of those investments -this leads to increased involvement in Latin America The U.S. uses military intervention in: Nicaragua Panama Cuba Haiti Dominican Republic Mexico Honduras Taft’s Domestic Policies Taft was a trustbuster -breaks up 90 trusts during his presidency The Payne-Aldrich Tariff -Taft approved of this tariff despite the fact that it does not lower tariff rates -angers many Republicans, including Theodore Roosevelt -leads to a split in the Republican Party Conservation -saves millions of acres of U.S. land -BUT he angers TR when he dismisses the Head of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot -the Pinchot-Ballinger Argument Theodore Roosevelt’s new Domestic Policy – “New Nationalism” Calls for strict regulation on corporations Tariff revision Federal income tax National workman’s compensation laws Recall and initiative program [1912] Theodore Roosevelt decides to run for President again Election of 1912
Theodore Roosevelt was campaigning for the win but was shot during a speech – slowed down Woodrow Wilson wins
-Democrat -Professor -President of Princeton University -Governor of New Jersey, but is from Virginia -was a sickly child, racist Domestic Policy – “New Freedom”
Called for an end to monopolies Clayton Anti-Trust Act -made interlocking directories illegal -exempted labor unions from anti-trust leg -added more teeth to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 -President could appoint a commission who could investigate industries engaged in Interstate Commerce -supposed to rule out unfair trading practices, unfair competition, false advertising, mislabeling and bribery
Banking Reform [1907] reconcentration of money in a few banks become a big problem Idea of Senator Aldrich Result: Federal Reserve Act [1913] -created a Federal Reserve Board appointed by the President -creates twelve Regional Banks -could issue paper money -Federal Reserve Board oversees the twelve Regional Banks -Member Banks belong to the Regional Banks Tariff Reductions [1913] Underwood-Simmons Tariff Bill -reduces tariff rates by about 11% -also created a tax on income over $3 000
Other Adamson Act – 8-hour workday for employees on trains in interstate commerce Federal Farm Loan Act and Warehouse Act [1916] -provides long term loans at low rates to farmers Lafollette’s Seamen Act of 1915 -required decent living and a living wage on merchant ships Workman’s Compensation Act [1916] Foreign Policy – “Moral Diplomacy” -Wilson did not like the aggressivism of The Big Stick Policy and was suspicious of Wall Street and Dollar Diplomacy -Wilson would use the power of the U.S. to influence and spread “democracy” and use “moral” sense in deciding whether to get involved in a country or not at first, Wilson is Anti-Imperialist -repeals Panama Canal Tolls Act which allowed the U.S. to move through the canal without paying tolls [1916] Jones Act – granted the Philippines partial independence -caused U.S. investors to pull out of China
Wilson begins to change his tune [1915] sends the Marines to Haiti [1916] U.S. creates a treaty with Haiti – gives U.S. supervision of finances and policy [1916] sends the Marines to the Dominican Republic [1917] U.S. purchases the Virgin Islands from Denmark Moral Diplomacy in Mexico [1913] Civil War breaks out in Mexico – General Huerta becomes President [1914] Huerta collapses and Carranza takes over -then, Pancho Villa leads a bandit group and attacks Americans in Mexico -Pancho Villa then attacks New Mexico -Wilson sends General John J. Pershing “Black Jack” into Mexico in 1916 to capture Villa
Wilson enters World War I [summer of 1914] war breaks out in Europe U.S. remains neutral until 1917 -Wilson declares war on Germany -U.S. enters “The Great War” AP U.S. History II Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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