U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- Navigate this page:
- What does Manifest Destiny do
- Lewis Cass Zachary Taylor Martin Van Buren
- Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott
- Results from the Kansas-Nebraska Act
- 1856-1858 Election of 1856
- James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore
- Lincoln-Douglas Debates Stephen Douglas
- John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry
- Stephen Douglas John C. Breckinridge John Bell Abraham Lincoln
- The South’s Response to the Election of 1860
- Leadership +
- Intangibles +
- Raising Money and Troops
Sum up Manifest Destiny Greatly expands the U.S. through the Mexican War California Nevada New Mexico Utah Arizona Settle the Oregon territory along the 49th parallel Annexation of Texas Gadsden Purchase Webster-Ashburton Treaty –settles Maine What does Manifest Destiny do? Provides military experience for future Civil War leaders Latin America begins to look at U.S. with some fear Provides U.S. military with respect from the world The U.S. must answer the slavery question for the new territory that is gained The South and Slavery The system of slavery was dying out in the U.S. by the late 1700s [1793] Cotton gin is invented
leads to an increase in cotton production in the south ½ of the world’s cotton production comes from the South ½ of U.S. exports is cotton 75% of Great Britain’s cotton comes from the South South nicknamed “King Cotton” -leads to a renewal of slavery in the United States [1850-1860] 1 733 families own 100 slaves or more in the South 90 000 families own 10-99 slaves each 255 268 families own 10≥ slaves Total – 1.75 million people own slaves 8.5 million is the population of the South ¾ of Southern whites do not own slaves -the hope of one day owning a slave that leads this group to believe in the institution of slavery Slavery 4 million slaves in U.S. by 1860 Slave trade ended in 1808, but illegal trade continued through the Civil War Conditions for slaves depended on the owner and where the slaves worked Fugitive Slave Act Angers Northerners Why?
Heavy fines and jail terms for anyone caught helping runaways In some cases, Northerners could be forced to assist in the capture of runaway slaves The presence of slave-catchers in the North Reactions of the North step up the use of the Underground Railroad -Harriet Tubman, despite having a large bounty on her head, helps 300+ slaves Underground Railroad – a series of trails and safe-houses that led slaves to freedom Some northern states pass “personal liberty laws” -makes it illegal for officials to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act [1852] Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published In its first year, it sells 300 000 copies Millions are sold by 1861 A book that displays the cruelty and harshness of slavery Makes millions of Northerners turn to anti-slavery [1854] The Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Helper Argues that slavery is harmful for Southern non-slaveholding whites -uses statistics to prove his point
-250 000 in the North and South each Abolitionism – to abolish slavery
Theodore Dwight Weld William Lloyd Garrison – wrote “the Liberator” The American Colonization Society [1817] buys piece of land in Africa – Liberia Sojourner Truth – free slave who ran away Frederick Douglas – founds the newspaper “the North Star” – a runaway slave Harriet Tubman – Underground Railroad – frees 300 slaves Slaves resisted slavery by: Running away Revolts: -Denmark Vesey [1822] -Nat Turner [1831]
[1848] Gold is discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California -starts the Gold Rush [1848-1849]
people from all over the U.S. and the world swarm into California very few actually strike it rich sang “O, Susanna” - “O, Susanna/don’t you cry for me/I’ve gone to California/with a washbowl on my knee” Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor wins! By 1849, California has a population of 80 000, and they apply for statehood as a free state 15 free states 15 slave states – worried about the free states getting the favor in the Senate -reject California as a free state Daniel Webster argues for compromise William Seward says that slavery is wrong by a higher law John C. Calhoun Enter Henry Clay with a plan Compromise of 1850 California is admitted as a free state The territories of Utah and New Mexico will be decided by popular sovereignty The slave trade in D.C. is banned Slavery is still legal in D.C. a strong Fugitive Slave Act is passed – required Northerners to assist in the capture of runaway slaves Texas cedes land to New Mexico for $10 million Zachary Taylor is against the compromise and has threatened to veto it -Taylor dies in July of 1850 -Millard Fillmore takes over as President In September 1850, Fillmore signs the compromise into law Clay’s compromise merely postponed the problem Henry Clay’s Legacy Election of 1844 Election of 1824 “the Corrupt Bargain” Missouri Compromise War Hawk (before the War of 1812) Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1850 Election of 1832 Speaker of the House Congressman Senator From Kentucky Served as negotiator at Treaty of Ghent American System Election of 1852
254:42 – Franklin Pierce wins Significance – marks the end of the Whig party
There is still a feeling of Manifest Destiny in the U.S. in 1854 Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Japan and opens them up to trade William Walker attempts to take over Nicaragua Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – the U.S. and Great Britain agree NOT to have exclusive rights over a canal in Central America Pierce wants to acquire Cuba – offers Spain $100 million – Spain refuses [1854] Pierce asks U.S. ministers in Great Britain, France and Spain to develop a plan to acquire Cuba -the three ministers meet in Ostend, Belgium and develop the Ostend Manifesto -it states that the U.S. should offer $120 million for Cuba and if Spain refuses, then the U.S. should take it by force -The Ostend Manifesto leaks out – the Northerners are outraged -forces Pierce to drop any idea of acquiring Cuba
[1850s] many people want to build a transcontinental railroad -the Prize is to be selected as the eastern terminus (starting point) Stephen A. Douglas -senator from Illinois -“Little Giant” -wants Chicago to be selected to be the eastern terminus -stands to benefit politically and financially from this Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas develops the act – passes in 1854 the territories of Kansas and Nebraska are created and popular sovereignty will be used to decide the slavery issue Repeal the Missouri Compromise Line (36° 30’ Line) Results from the Kansas-Nebraska Act Angers the North -they openly ignore the Fugitive Slave Act Destroys the Missouri Compromise Splits the Democratic Party – Northern Democrats, Southern Democrats Destroys Compromise of 1850 Gives rise to the new Republican Party – brings groups together (former Whigs, some Democrats, abolitionists) -forms in 1854 -grows out of Wisconsin and Michigan -anti-expansion/anti-extension of slavery
The Know-Nothing Party -anti-foreigner -anti-Catholic -Nativist party – believed that only people native to the country belong
Bleeding Kansas -pro-slavery men from the South and anti-slavery groups from the North begin moving into Kansas -Two governments are set up in Kansas Shawnee Mission – pro-slavery government Topeka – anti-slavery government -violence breaks out -John Brown –ardent abolitionist -leads followers to Pottowamie Creek and kills five pro-slavery men [1856-1861] civil war breaks out in Kansas Bleeding Sumner -growing debate in Congress over the violence in Kansas [1856] Charles Sumner of MA gives a speech – “The Crimes against Kansas” -insults pro-slavery groups -insults senator Andrew Butler from SC Congressman Preston Brooks of SC takes offense at the speech [May 22, 1856] Brooks takes a cane and beats Sumner in his Senate office over the head until the cane breaks -hurt him so much that he had to go to Europe for 3 ½ years for intensive surgery -Brooks resigns, but was re-elected 1856-1858 Election of 1856
Buchanan wins – 15th President Dred Scott Decision [March 6, 1857] Supreme Court rules on the Dred Scott case -Dred Scott was a slave who was suing for his freedom The Decision Chief Justice is Roger B. Taney -Dred Scott is a slave, and slaves are not citizens of the U.S. -so, Dred Scott cannot sue Supreme Court rules that free territories violate the fifth Amendment -the government cannot deny a U.S. citizen of his property (i.e. slaves) -so, the Supreme Court says that the Missouri Compromise was never legal Significance: Slavery is legal in every territory. Back to Kansas [1857] Lecompton Constitution – a constitution written in Kansas that legalizes slavery [1858] There is a vote on the constitution – it is rejected
Despite this, Buchanan submits this constitution to Congress with the idea of slavery being legal Douglas fights against it and the Constitution is defeated in Congress – believes in popular sovereignty – costs his support in the South Kansas does not become a state until 1861 Panic of 1857 -caused by over-speculation in western lands and railroads -gold in California -overgrowth of grains The Panic mostly affects the North – it has little effect in the South -there is still a high demand for cotton in Europe Many in the North call for changes
Free homesteads – 160 acres of free land invested Higher Tariff Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Debate over the 1858 senate position from Illinois Lincoln is of the Republican Party – for the non-extension of slavery Douglas is arguing for popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine – Douglas states that slavery cannot exist in a territory if laws are not passed to protect it -this angers the South Douglas wins the election Lincoln gains national fame from the debates John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry [1859] wants to start a slave revolt in the South Thinks that if he had enough support, he could go to the South and take over the U.S. arsenal Dispense weapons to slaves to kill their masters Harder than he thought – there was not enough communication Others thought he was crazy – not enough support [October 1859] Brown and 17 followers seize U.S. weapon arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA 7 killed, 10 wounded U.S. calls on Robert E. Lee to capture Brown Brown is captured and later hanged Significance North – some people regard Brown as a hero South – comes to believe all abolitionists are crazed lunatics willing to do whatever it takes to get what they want one final break between the North and the South Election of 1860
Lincoln’s Platform: Free Soil – non-extension of slavery Northern manufacturers – higher tariff Immigrants – keep immigration Northwest – Pacific railroad West – Internal improvements Farmers – free homesteads Lincoln becomes president – the votes are split in the other three groups The South does not like this. The South’s Response to the Election of 1860 [December 1860] South Carolina is the first state to cede from the Union Mississippi
[January 1861] Alabama Georgia Louisiana [February 1861] Texas They form the Confederate States of America, of which Jefferson Davis is the president James Buchanan does nothing! -Buchanan doesn’t find anything against cession in the Constitution James J. Crittenden tries to keep the union together
Reinstates the 36° 30’ line to the Pacific Ocean Once a territory becomes a state, it can either be a slave state or a free state -Fails to pass in Congress [April 1861] only two forts in the South still fly the U.S. flag Fort Sumter – Charleston, SC – needed supplies if Lincoln supplied the fort, the Confederacy could consider it an act of war if Lincoln doesn’t supply the fort, the fort would have to be surrendered -Lincoln sends a letter to Davis to warn him so that war is not implied -but the South still considers it an act of war anyway [April 12, 1861] the Confederacy opens fire on Fort Sumter -34 hours pass, the fort falls – no one is killed After Fort Sumter Virginia A All cede rkansas North Carolina Tennessee D Slave-holding states that do not cede (border states) elaware Maryland Kentucky Missouri Significance: the Civil War has begun
Background to the Civil War Border States – Missouri Delaware Maryland Kentucky West Virginia What is so important about the Border States? The Border States would have doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South Would have added 2.5 million whites Control over the Ohio River and its tributaries Lincoln’s goal – Bring back the South/Reforge the Union [In the beginning of the war] (Has to keep the Border States) How does Lincoln keep the Border States?
Martial Law – suspends haebeus corpus (have a right to a trial) “Supervised” Voting – helped keep the Republicans in power Cracks down on certain newspapers Foreign intervention (Britain) Why would they? 75% of Great Britain’s Cotton comes from the South Britain is openly sympathetic to the South and against Northern Democracy Why don’t they? The public of Great Britain read Uncle Tom’s Cabin and was against slavery The South was too productive in pre-war years – Great Britain had a 1 ½ year’s worth of cotton on hand in 1861 A poor wheat harvest in Great Britain forced them to rely on Northern U.S. wheat Union Blockade Great Britain never enters the war. Raising Money and Troops Union and Raising Money [1861] U.S. passed an Income Tax – 3% rate on anyone’s paycheck of over $100 [1862] U.S. issues greenback money – paper money that is not backed by gold or silver -prone to inflation depending on how the war was going at the time Government sells bonds – a loan to the government – paid interest on the loan The U.S. passes the National Banking System -works until 1913 Government passes the Marill Tariff Act -increases tariff rates
Issue bonds Issue paper money –“blue backs”
Beginning of war, Union Army filled with volunteers -so many that people were turned down [1863]: volunteers running out [March 1863] Union calls for a draft 20-45 years old and three years of service Four day draft not in New York City How does one avoid the draft? -find a replacement -pay $300 “Poor people fighting a rich man’s war”
South calls for conscription – April 1862 Avoid draft if you had ≥200 slaves Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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