U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
Post-War Situation (State Constitutions)
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- France
- Ratification of the Constitution
- Federalists Vs. Anti-federalists
- Launching a New Government
- Washington’s Biggest Challenge
- Challenges for the U.S. [1790-1796] Whiskey Rebellion
- Rise of Political Parties
- John Adams Thomas Jefferson
- Presidency of John Adams Foreign Issues
- War with the Barbary Pirates
Post-War Situation (State Constitutions) Articles of Confederation Ratified in 1781 – only ratified after the states agreed to drop western land claims State governor – has very limited power – fear of having too much power
One branch – legislative (congress) Designed to be weak Powers Wage war Make peace Postal service Sign treaties Coin money Set standards for weights and measures CANNOT tax – the biggest flaw of the Articles States Each state has one vote in Congress In order to change the Articles – needed unanimous decision by the states States made their own tariff laws – confused trade – difficult States were “asked” to collect taxes – give to the central government The Articles are a good first step towards creating a strong, stabilized government First leader of the U.S. under the Articles is John Hanson The one success under the Articles is setting up the Northwest Territory Northwest Territory– North of the Ohio River, East of Mississippi, West of Appalachians Land Ordinance of 1785 -Splits the Northwest Territory into different sections – each 640 acres – set aside plots for certain things (homes, education, and businesses) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Sets rules for becoming a state -once the white male population reaches 5 000, set up a legislature -once the white male population reaches 60 000, apply for statehood No slavery! Problems in the U.S. [1783-1787]
Inflation – both government and the states print money Small farmers are in debt – banks seize crops and land Too much sovereignty between the states Government is heavily in debt World hates the U.S. Great Britain stop trade between West Indies and the U.S. try to get Allen brothers to annex Vermont to Britain keeps forts on U.S. soil refuse to send a minister to the U.S. Spain -claim land north of Florida -influence Native Americans against the U.S. – opportunity to own N. America -close the Mississippi to trade with the U.S. France -restrict trade with the U.S. -pirates in N. Africa seize U.S. ships and sailors -demand repayment of war loans Shays’s Rebellion Daniel Shays (MA small farmer) gathers 1 200 small farmers He tries to seize an arsenal of weapons in Springfield, MA MA governor orders out the militia – kills four and ends the rebellion -this incident highlights the need for change in the U.S. [Summer 1786] five states attend a convention in Annapolis, MD to discuss changes to the Articles of Confederation Alexander Hamilton makes a constitutional convention of all 13 states [Summer 1787] Constitutional Convention meet in Philadelphia 55 delegates from 12 states show up – Rhode Island does not attend -decide to scrap the Articles and write a new constitution Personalities
George Washington (VA) – chairman of convention and is in his 50s Benjamin Franklin (PA) – elder statesman of convention – 81 years old James Madison (VA)-“Father of the Constitution” – 36 years old – many ideas Alexander Hamilton (NY) – favors a strong central government and is an economic genius – 31 years old Gouverneur Morris (PA) – serves as principle draftsman of the Constitution Who is NOT there? T All in Europe homas Jefferson John Adams Thomas Paine John Hancock (governor of MA) Samuel Adams Patrick Henry (against the new constitution-“I smell a rat!”) in favor of states’ rights Constitution – “A Bundle of Compromises” Virginia Plan “Large State Plan”– proposed by Virginia -propose a bicameral legislature with representation based on population New Jersey Plan “Small State Plan” – proposed by New Jersey -propose a unicameral legislature with equal representation “The Great Compromise” -proposed by Connecticut -creates a bicameral legislature One based on representation – Senate (two senators for each state) One based on population – House of Representatives 3/5 Compromise slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for purposes of representation in Congress Electoral College Responsible for electing the president -delegates at Convention did not trust the American public with electing the president Slave Trade Georgia and South Carolina want to continue the slave trade -agreed to continue the slave trade until 1807 U.S. Constitution Three branches – executive, judicial, and legislative Executive-President Commander in Chief Appoint officials Negotiate treaties Veto laws Term of four or eight years Judicial-Supreme Court Decide on cases that affect the people of the U.S. Decide on the constitutionality of laws Term for life or until retirement Legislative-Congress Senate (term of six years, indefinitely) House of Representatives (term of two years, indefinitely) Make laws Regulate commerce Approve Presidential appointments Tax Can declare war Checks and Balances – branches have power over one another Separation of Powers – each branch has individual powers Elastic Clause – gives implied powers to the three branches of government (Article 1 Section 8) Ratification of the Constitution [September 17, 1787] Constitution is written 39 members of the Convention sign the Constitution 9 of the 13 states must ratify the Constitution before it becomes a working document
Delaware ratifies Constitution [December 1787] Pennsylvania New Jersey Georgia Connecticut Massachusetts Maryland South Carolina New Hampshire [June 21, 1788] Not on list V 40% of population of U.S. irginia New York North Carolina [November 1789] Rhode Island [May 1790] “The Federalist”/ “The Federalist Papers” written to convince New York to ratify the Constitution by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay George Washington – “The President” Won by a unanimous vote, not one vote against him, even with re-election John Adams – Vice President Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox – Secretary of War Problems – States are in debt Government is in debt Worthless paper money World wants the U.S. to fail Division in the country between Federalists and Anti-federalists The country has been resisting authority Sectional differences Political differences Need to create stability Launching a New Government [April 30, 1789] George Washington takes the Oath of Office in NYC, the first capital of the U.S., in Federal Hall *Capitals – 1st New York City, NY -2nd Philadelphia, PA -3rd Washington, D.C.
-pass the Bill of Rights [1791] drafted by James Madison appease the Anti-federalists first 10 Amendments of the Constitution
Freedom of speech, press, religion Right to bear arms No quartering of soldiers Unreasonable search and seizure Right to protect from self-incrimination Fair and speedy trial and public trial by peers (jury) Suits of Common Law – Double Jeopardy (same crime cannot be tried twice) Protects from cruel and unusual punishment Rights enumerated to the people Rights given to the states -Judiciary Act of 1789 organizes judicial branch – Supreme Court One Chief Justice (John Jay was the first Chief Justice) Five Associate Judges (now there are nine) Organizes the court system in the U.S. Creates office of the Attorney General (Edmund Randolf was the first) 
Circuit Courts (3) Federal district courts (13) Supreme Court -Stabilize economy Alexander Hamilton develops a two-part plan
Pay off national debt “at par” -buy back government bonds at face value-issue new bonds and pay interest -wants the confidence built in the U.S. government Assumption Plan -wants federal government to assume the states’ debt ($25 million) Thomas Jefferson is a direct rival against this plan, along with James Madison “The Dinner” Jefferson and Madison agree to support Hamilton’s plan if Hamilton agrees to support the plan to move the capital to an area closer to VA -Raise money after Hamilton’s plan – the national debt is now $75 million [1789] Congress passes an 8% tariff on imported products Excise Tax – a tax placed on certain products sold in U.S. – esp. whiskey (7¢/gallon) -National Bank Alexander Hamilton wants to create a Bank that would: Be a private institution Be a safe deposit for government money Print money Loan money to government and businesses Debate over National Bank Hamilton vs. Jefferson Hamilton – Loose Construction of the Constitution Jefferson – Strict Construction of the Constitution – argues that it is the states’ job to create banks Hamilton wins Congress passes the Bill Washington signs the Bank Bill into law In Philadelphia, PA Charter for 20 years Capital of the Bank is $10 million 1/5 of this money is owned by the government
Western Pennsylvania Farmers get angry at the tax on whiskey and rebel against it
Refuse to pay the tax Tar and feather the tax collectors Place Liberty Poles in towns Washington is appalled at the “revolutionaries” in western Pennsylvania Calls 13 000 state militia to march to PA and put down the rebellion Significance – displays power of the central government
Hamiltonians “Federalists” – represent the merchant class and businessmen Jeffersonians “Democrat-Republicans” – represent the rural class -George Washington runs for a second term as President because he feared an election in 1792 would tear the country apart The French Revolution [1789] Tennis Court Oath [July 14, 1789] Fall of the Bastille [1792] France becomes a republic [1793] Louis XVI beheaded [July 1793-1794] Reign of Terror Federalists – appalled at the bloodshed of the French Revolution Democrat-Republicans – see the Reign of Terror as a necessary evil towards democracy and freedom [1793] France declares war on Austria France declares war on Great Britain -Franco-American Alliance of 1778 was an alliance “forever” George Washington issues Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 U.S. would remain neutral in the affairs of Europe Argues that the U.S. needs 20 years before they can fight another war Trouble with Britain Britain still occupied forts on the frontier on U.S. soil Britain was seizing U.S. ships and U.S. sailors (impressment) Britain was selling guns to the Native Americans [1794] Battle of Fallen Timbers
General “Mad” Anthony Wayne defeats N. Americans in the Ohio Valley Results in the signing of the Treaty of Greenville – cedes all Native American land in the Ohio Valley to the U.S. George Washington sends John Jay to Great Britain to negotiate a treaty Jay’s Treaty Great Britain agrees to leave the forts on U.S. soil Great Britain agrees to repay U.S. merchants for seized ships U.S. agrees to repay debts owed to British merchants The public hates the treaty, especially the South One positive aspect – keeps the U.S. out of war Problems with Spain Closed Mississippi River to U.S. in 1784 Disputed land on the northern border of Florida Spain is encouraging Native Americans to attack frontier settlements -Results in Pinckney’s Treaty [1795] open the Mississippi River to the U.S. settle Florida border at the 31st parallel agree to stop influencing Native Americans [1796] George Washington decides to NOT run for a third term -sets a precedent – presidents can run for a maximum of two terms -issues his Farewell Address – published in newspapers around the country
Domestic issues – warns against political parties Foreign issues [1797] Washington leaves Philadelphia and returns to Mount Vernon, VA [1799] George Washington dies Election of 1796
John Adams wins – second President of the U.S. Thomas Jefferson becomes vice president [1804] 12th Amendment – agreeing president and vice president Presidency of John Adams Foreign Issues The French are very angry at the U.S. for signing Jay’s Treaty – thought that U.S. and Great Britain were going to sign an alliance – so the French begin to seize U.S. ships XYZ Affair
U.S. sends three diplomats to France to negotiate a treaty with the French foreign minister, Talleyrand Three French officials (XYZ) ask for a $250 000 bribe just to talk to Talleyrand U.S. diplomats are outraged and return home Many people in the U.S. begin calling for war against France; led by Federalists The Half-War with France [1798-1800] A naval war between U.S. and France in the Atlantic Ocean U.S. creates the Marine Corps U.S. increases the size of army and navy Convention of 1800 Going against the wishes of his party, Adams sends diplomats to France to negotiate peace Napoleon does not want to fight – signs a peace agreement with the U.S. -The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 is officially ended -this is the last alliance the U.S. signs for about 130 years
Federalists want to limit the power of the Jeffersonians [1798] pass the Alien and Sedition Acts – four laws – end in 1801
Naturalization Law -extends the time it takes to become a citizen from five to fourteen years Alien Acts (two of them) -gives the power to the President to arrest and deport foreigners Sedition Acts -restricts freedom of speech and freedom of the press The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions VA – by James Madison KT – by Thomas Jefferson Argue that the states have the right to nullify a law passed by the federal government Strengthen the idea of states’ rights Election of 1800 Federalists nominate John Adams Democrat-Republicans nominate Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson defeats John Adams in electoral votes but ties with Aaron Burr -When there is a tie, the House of Representatives decides who wins After 35 votes, Jefferson is agreed to be the 3rd president (57 years old at the time) Aaron Burr – Vice President James Madison – Secretary of State Albert Gallatin – Secretary of Treasury
Background – Author of the Declaration of Independence Expert violinist From VA Author of the Kentucky Resolution Secretary of State under George Washington Vice President under John Adams Governor of Virginia Served in the House of Burgesses Minister of France In favor of states’ rights Architect – designed University of Virginia – designed Monticello (on the back of the modern nickel), which he worked on from 25 years of age to his 80th year of age Inventor Philosopher Slave owner – owned 150 to 200 slaves during his lifetime Jefferson on… Slavery Was a slave owner, but thought that slavery was morally wrong Does not free his slaves upon his death except for the Hemmings’s family (had an adulterous affair with one of his slaves – Sally Hemmings) Economics Introduces a budget Works to reduce the national debt Gets rid of the excise tax Leaves the rest of Hamilton’s plan intact, surprisingly Freedom of Speech Allows the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire in 1801 Passes a new naturalization act – five years in the U.S. until citizenship In favor of freedom of speech Judicial Branch [1803] Marbury vs. Madison Supreme Court rules that they have the final say whether a law is constitutional or not – “judicial review” – increases Supreme Court’s power Jefferson disagrees with this – thought that the states should have this right to determine the constitutionality of laws Military Does not like the large standing army Reduces the Army to 2 500 War with the Barbary Pirates The Barbary pirates from the Barbary States from North Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli) Made their living through piracy Many countries gave “protection money” to the Barbary States to keep their ships and men safe [1801] the Pasha (rule) of Tripoli demands more money from the U.S. Jefferson refuses to pay – Pasha chops down flagpole of U.S. = WAR [1801-1805] U.S. engages in war against the Barbary Pirates Stephen Decanter frees prisoners and explodes the ship [1805] U.S. and Tripoli sign a peace agreement [By 1830] all of the Barbary States sign a peace agreement Significance: Gives U.S. navy more experience – had success Gives U.S. navy confidence and a reputation Gives U.S. some respect from the rest of the world The U.S. begins to enter world affairs Louisiana Purchase [1801] Napoleon convinces the king of Spain to sign the Treaty of San Ildefonso -gives the area of Louisiana (west of Mississippi) back to France [1830] Thomas Jefferson and James Madison send Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France to negotiate the sale of New Orleans Supposed to offer no more than $10 million for New Orleans
Santo Domingo (Saint Dominique) in Haiti [1792] Toussaint L’Overture leads rebellion on island and takes control by 1801 [1802] Napoleon sends 20 000 soldiers on the island -mosquitoes – yellow fever/malaria ravishes soldiers
France about to go to war with Great Britain -Napoleon needs money So – Napoleon decides to sell Louisiana [April 30, 1803] France agrees to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million
Jefferson decides the benefits of owning the land outweigh the constitutional technicalities (loose constructionalist idea) Submits Louisiana Purchase Treaty to Congress – approves the sale on December of 1803 The only opposition to the Louisiana Purchase came from the Federalists – fear of decreasing power U.S. just doubled its size – added about 800 000 square miles of land – comes to about 3¢-4¢ per acre – one of the greatest bargains in history To explore the land – send Lewis and Clark “The Corps of Discovery” (Lewis and Clark expedition) Locate Native American tribes Creates a very accurate map of Louisiana Discovered various routes Discovered species of plants and animals Opens area to settlement *Zebulon Pike (explorer) – explored southern Louisiana Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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