U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
The Growth of Sectionalism
Download 0.97 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- The Nullification Crisis
- Jackson and the Native Americans
- Reform 1800-1860 Religion
- Developments in Transportation
- The Industrial Revolution
- Population Growth in the United States
- Immigrants – the Irish and the Germans
- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
The Growth of Sectionalism Sectionalism-pride/support for one section of the country Webster-Hayne Debate [1830] Debated for nine days in Senate over the right of a state to nullify a law Webster (MA) is arguing for the union Hayne (SC) is arguing for states’ rights and for nullification -displays the growing divide between the states Jackson remained silent on the issue of nullification The Southern Congressmen/Senators want to get Jackson to publicly support the idea of states’ rights and nullification – Jefferson-Day Dinner [April 13, 1830] Jefferson-Day Dinner Jackson is tipped off beforehand of the plan for Jackson to publicly support nullification When it is Jackson’s turn to toast the dinner, “Our union, it must be preserved!” Calhoun claims states’ rights first, union second–resigns from the vice presidency [1832] Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, becomes the Vice President The Nullification Crisis [1832] Congress passes a new tariff – lowers the tariff rates from 1828 South Carolina is still NOT pleased -the state legislature of SC calls a convention Nullify the Tariff of 1832 Threaten to secede from the union if the federal government tries to use force to collect tariff dues Jackson is very angry – sends a small military force to SC Enter Henry Clay – Compromise Tariff of 1833 -lowers tariff rates over the next 10 years to 20%-25% The federal government passes the Force Bill -allows the President to use military force to collect custom dues SC accepts the Compromise Tariff of 1833 but nullify Force Bill -In the end – both sides felt that they won
[By 1830] U.S. population reaches 13 million Settlers want the Native American land Jackson wants to move all Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi [1830] Congress passes the Indian Removal Act -during the 1830s, 100 000 Native Americans moved off their ancestral lands and into Indian Territory (Oklahoma) -Move of the Cherokee “Trail of Tears” – 4 000 Cherokee die Resistance Seminole Indians -many flee to the Everglades and spend seven years resisting Black Hawk Wars -Native Americans from Indiana and Illinois, led by Chief Black Hawk -fought against the removal -One of the most notable resistance actions
[1832] Henry Clay convinces the Head of Bank of U.S. (Nicholas Biddle) – to apply to renew the charter for the Bank (due to expire in 1836) Clay, who wants to run for president, wants to make Jackson look bad over the bank issue Many Jackson supporters were openly hostile to the bank If he signed it – alienate his supporters If he vetoed it – appear to be a foe of sound banking Jackson vetoes the bill to renew the charter Election of 1832 Appearance of a third party – the Anti-Masonic Party Jackson easily defeats Clay Jackson calls the victory a mandate and decides to destroy the Bank of U.S. Jackson fires two Secretary of Treasury’s Then, Roger B. Taney becomes Secretary of Treasury, who agreed with the plan Stop depositing federal money into the bank of U.S. Instead, deposit the money into “pet banks” By 1836, the Bank of U.S. is out of money and closes its doors Jackson dislikes paper money for the sale of lands – issues the Specie Circular -calls for the sale of lands to be conducted with gold and silver only Result: halts the rapid sale of land in the West almost immediately Legacy of Jackson
Leads the common man into politics the President can make government policy Increases the power of the presidency – uses the power of veto 12 times Election of 1836 Democrats – Martin Van Buren Secretary of State Vice President Whigs (used to be National Republicans) – nominate several candidates to halt a majority Martin Van Buren wins Election of 1840 Democrats – Martin Van Buren – in spite of the failed presidency, still nominated Whigs – William Henry Harrison (68 years old?)
Hero of Tippecanoe Hero of Thames Not very involved in politics – no enemies Portrayed as: living in log cabin, poor farmer, drank hard cider – common man image In reality: lives in a mansion (16 rooms), one of the wealthiest families of VA, drank whiskey “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” song – John Tyler of VA – not a Whig Harrison wins – 2.3 million votes cast On his inauguration day, shows up without a jacket or hat on a cold D.C. day Gives a 1 hour 55 minute long speech Catches pneumonia and dies 31 days later John Tyler takes over as president
Late 1700s, religion had become liberal in the U.S. [1800] a religious revival sweeps across the nation – called the Second Great Awakening Charles Finney leads this movement – 25 000 go to see him -marks a split between the major religions over the issue of slavery
Presbyterians Methodists Baptists Utopia-a perfect society During 1800-1860 over 40 utopias are created in the U.S. Robert Owen “Father of Socialism” – founds New Harmony, Indiana – fails Shakers – founded by Mother Ann Lee in 1840 Oneida, NY [1830s] believe in “complex marriage” believe in selective breeding produce silverware (1881-turn into a corporation) Mormons [1830] Joseph Smith claims to receive golden plates from an angel the golden plates become the book of Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Believe in polygamy [1844] Smith and his brother are killed Brigham Young takes over and takes the Mormons on a trek to the Great Salt Lake (Salt Lake City, UT) Thrive through new farming techniques (irrigation) and good luck Education In the early days of U.S., education was reserved for the wealthy Public education was almost nonexistent Public education grows between 1825-1850 Small, one-room schools Many different age/reading levels Horace Mann
Begins to change public education in the 1800s Increases length of school year (3 months to 6 months) Increases teacher salaries Increases state funding Increases teaching schools By 1860, there are over 300 high schools in the U.S. Mental Illness [Early 1800s] viewed as a crime Dorothea Dix begins to travel around the country and visits mentally ill patients -travels over 60 000 miles -submits a report to the MA state legislature -helps to bring about change Women’s Rights Movement End to slavery Temperance – moderation in the use of alcohol Right to be heard Leaders: -Lucretia Mott -Elizabeth Cady Stanton -Susan B. Anthony -Elizabeth Blackwell (first woman to graduate from medical school) -Lucy Stone -Sojourner Truth [1848] Seneca Falls, NY A women’s rights conference takes place Write the Declaration of Rights of women Stanton asks for the right to vote
Science – John Jay Audubon – leading ornithologist Arts – leading architect – Thomas Jefferson (died 1826) Painters begin to paint landscapes [1839] early photographs called the daguerreotype is invented Literature – the Transcendentalist Movement Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau - Walden Walt Whitman “Leaves of Grass” Other writers: Edgar Allan Poe, Louisa May Alcott, Herman Mellville Developments in Transportation Railroads Fast and reliable Cheaper than canals Not frozen in winter – defied terrain and weather [1828] first railroad [1860] 30 000 miles of railroad track poor brakes iron braces standardized parts 1840s craze Canals Erie Canal “Clinton’s Big Ditch” Control tides (level of the water) Allows ships to get through Industry and value of the land increases Gives rise to cities because it sped up industrialization Canal craze in the 1830s Steamboats Robert Fulton invents the steamboat Clermont “Fulton’s Folly” Defy wind, wave, tide, currents Doubled the carrying capacity James Watt perfects the steam engine Roads Lancaster turnpike (first turnpike of the U.S.) Attracted trade Western = $$ 1790s and became successful National Road (MD to IL) Communication Pony Express Cable Telegraph (invented by Samuel B. Morse) Clipper ships (fast) Iron steamers in Britain The Industrial Revolution Great Britain is the first to industrialize in the mid-1700s Samuel Slater
21-year-old British mechanic Remembers the plans for a textile mill and illegally brings them to the U.S. Slater and Moses Brown build the first textile mill in Rhode Island [1791] -Problem: cotton is expensive to grow -Solution: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin [1793] -can remove the seeds 50 times faster than by hand Significance of the Cotton Gin: Ties the South to cotton Renews slavery in the South Creates an industrial giant in the North Factory System in the Northeast Long hours and low wages Unsanitary conditions Unsafe conditions Child labor At first, workers are forbidden to join unions [1842] Supreme Court rules in Commonwealth vs. Hunt that labor unions are not illegal -this eventually brought improved conditions for workers National Economy
South – Cotton (fuels the factory system) West – Wheat, corn, other food products (food for all) -The United States begins its path to becoming an industrial giant Lowell System By Francis C. Lowell – brought all processes of production under one roof -industrial cities; built around the factory and work -women are employed, along with children Interchangeable parts Idea of Eli Whitney Mass producing parts for a product Fuels the factory system Farming equipment Metal plough is invented by John Deere Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical reaper Abolitionist – someone who is against slavery Frederick Douglas – leading abolitionist -Runaway slave – newspaper “North Star” – outspoken William Lloyd Garrison – Newspaper “the Liberator” Theodore Dwight Weld Maysville Road Veto Andrew Jackson – vetoes a federally funded road, internal improvement -did not think that internal improvements needed federal funding Population Growth in the United States [1810] 7 239 881 people [1810] one in seven Americans lived west of the Appalachians [1840] 17 069 453 people [1840] one in three Americans lived west of the Appalachians [1860] 31 433 321 (immigrants and high birth rates) Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Des Moines, St. Louis, Memphis, Louisville, Omaha [1790] Philadelphia and NYC have populations over 20 000 [1860] 43 cities have populations over 20 000
Lonely – lack of communication and interactions A tough life, a crude life B Difficult life oring Poorly fed, poorly dressed, poorly housed Diseases Wrestling was the dominant form of entertainment Immigrants – the Irish and the Germans Irish
Potato famine [1845-1850] Millions died of starvation – blight destroys many, many potatoes Escape political persecution Irish tended to settle in port cities of the Northeast (NYC and Boston) -Can get jobs – readily available -lacked the money to move out of the cities Irish are Roman Catholic – not well-liked Political bosses would greet the Irish as they stepped off the bots -gave coal, food, held with the law, jobs -all in turn for votes/political support Persecution? – NINA – No Irish Need Apply Germans Tended to settle in the West Generally had more money than the Irish – could buy land Amish
-the most enduring group of Germans -close themselves off from the rest of the world (corrupted) -no electricity Contributions -Conestoga Wagon -Kentucky Rifle -Christmas tree -idea of kindergarten (“children’s garden”) Supported public education
Before U.S. acquires the land in the west, many settlers moved on on their own Trails: Santa Fe Trail California Trail Gila Route Mormon Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Wagon trains Generally, settlers would gather in Independence, Missouri, and join 50-100 other wagons Why?
Support Protection Guidance Companionship Wagon – 8 ½ feet high 10 feet wide Conestoga Wagon Drawn by oxen 2 mph/15 miles per day The Trip – 5 to 6 months long The wagon trains became moving communities
Set up laws Appointed officials Tried criminals Had marriages Had funerals Texas [1821] Mexico revolts against Spanish rule and declares independence [1823] Mexican government gives a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin. Austin promised to settle the land along with 300 other Americans
The only promise the Americans had to make was to become Roman Catholic and to “Mexicanize” Thousands of Americans begin to steadily populate the area in Texas Examples: Davy Crockett, James Bowie – inventor of the Bowie knife, Sam Houston – soldier, lawyer, congressman, governor of TN Some criminals move to Texas as well “G.T.T.” – Gone to Texas [1830] Mexico outlaws slavery – tell Americans to stop bringing more slaves -Americans largely ignore this -Many Americans are angry with Mexican soldiers stationed in Texas [1833] Stephen Austin goes to Mexico City to settle disputes with Mexican government -the Mexican government jails Austin for eight months [1835] Santa Anna (leader of Mexico) creates an Army to send to Texas [1835] 30 000 Americans are living in Texas [1836] Texas declares its independence “Lone Star Republic” Sam Houston takes control of the Texan Army
-6 000 Mexican troops surround 200 Texans at the Alamo -After 13 days of battle – everyone inside the Alamo is killed, including Davy Crockett, James Bowie, and Colonel Travis (head of Alamo Forces) Texans use this as a rallying cry, “Remember the Alamo!” The Goliad – [March 27, 1836] -400 Texans are killed after they surrender “Remember the Goliad”
-Houston and the Texan army lead Santa Anna and the Mexican army on a chase through Texas -As the Mexicans stop for a “siesta”, Houston turns the army around and attacks the Mexican forces and defeats them -Santa Anna signs an agreement recognizing the independence of Texas, with the Rio Grande as the border Texas has their independence, and they name Sam Houston as the President of Texas
From Virginia (also a senator from Virginia) He was the Vice President under Harrison – first VP to ascend to the Presidency because of death Whig (in actuality, a Democrat) Henry Clay and Daniel Webster – leaders of the Whig Party – had hoped to control Harrison and the presidency But Tyler will continue to go against Clay and the Whig Party -vetoes two bills to create a National Bank -opposes the Whig Platform -all of his Cabinet members resign, except for Webster -kicked him out of the Whig Party Three Major Developments of Tyler’s Presidency
War with words between England and the U.S. [1840s] [1837] Caroline Affair -a small uprising in Canada -some Northern states send supplies aboard the Caroline to the rebellion [1841] New York apprehends a Canadian who was suspected of burning the Caroline -was acquitted and issues cool down
There was a small war that breaks out in Maine between Maine lumberjackers and some Canadians over the border – called the Aroostook War Lord Ashburton of Great Britain and Daniel Webster (secretary of state) – negotiate a treaty Split the land, sets a border in Canada The U.S. receives a small portion of land in Minnesota
[By 1846] 5 000 people had moved to the area south of the Columbia River Many Americans begin calling for the northern border to extend to the 54° 40’ line “54° 40’ or fight!” Election of 1844 The major issue is that of expansion Whigs – Henry Clay -writes a series of letters in which he appears non-committal on the issue of Texas -many anti-slavery groups turn against Clay -small party in NY “Liberty Party” votes for a third-party election Democrats – James K. Polk “a dark horse candidate” -on a platform of expansion -wants to annex Texas -wants California -wants the 54° 40’ line -was the governor of Tennessee -Speaker of the House Polk is elected President Even though Polk is elected, Tyler is not done yet -Tyler claims that the people have mandated that the U.S. annex Texas [February 1845] Tyler gets a joint resolution pass in Congress Texas is officially annexed Rules: Texas can only be split into a possible four states Move the 36° 30’ line up north (get the Texas border) James K. Polk (the 11th President) Speaker of the House for four years Governor of Tennessee Firm believer in Manifest Destiny Extremely hard-working, serious Of moderate intelligence Goals: wants a lowered tariff – succeeds Walker Tariff [1846] -lowers tariffs to 25% wants to restore the Independent Treasury – succeeds [1841] Whigs ended the Independent Treasury system [1846] a new Independent Treasury system is established the settlement of Oregon – succeeds [1846] Great Britain and the U.S. agree to extend the 49th parallel to the Pacific Ocean wants to acquire California Leads to the Mexican War The Mexican War California in 1845 13 000 Spanish-Mexicans 75 000 Native Americans Missions line the coast Less than 1 000 Americans Polk wants to buy California from Mexico Problems: Mexico is angry that the U.S. annexed Texas Mexico owes the U.S. $3 million in damages the dispute over the southern border of Texas -U.S. wanted the border at the Rio Grande -Mexico wanted the border at the Nevees River Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to offer $25 million for California -Mexico refuses to listen to the offer -Polk tries to force Mexico into a war Sends 4 000 U.S. troops under Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande [April 25, 1846] Mexican forces killed 16 American soldiers Polk goes before congress, asks for a declaration of war, and gets it [May 1846] Santa Anna (who was exiled to Cuba) tricks Americans, returns to Mexico and assumes control of the Mexican Army
Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready” -wins at Monterrey and at Buena Vista -becomes an instant hero at home Winfield Scott “Old Fuss and Feathers” -despite having inadequate supplies, he wins at Vera Cruz and moves to Mexico City Stephen Kearny -takes forces among the Santa Fe trail and captures Santa Fe, then, California John C. Frémont “the Pathfinder” -leads a revolt in California -overthrows the Mexican government and sets up the Bear Flag Republic After the U.S. captures Mexico City, the U.S. and Mexico enter negotiations [February 2, 1848] U.S. and Mexico sign the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexico drops claims to Texas U.S. buys Mexican Cession for $18 million [1853] Gadsden Purchase U.S. buys the area south of the Mexican Cession for $10 million Originally, this region was thought to be the best place for a transcontinental railroad Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
|