U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
War of Jenkin’s Ear/King George’s
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- The French and Indian War The French and Indian War
- Road to the Revolution
- Road to the Revolution [1770-1775]
- The American Revolution [1775-early 1777]
- The American Revolution [1777-1783]
War of Jenkin’s Ear/King George’s War [1744-1748] Caribbean – French and Native Americans attack frontier settlements Colonial militia captures a French fort at Louisbourg At the mouth of St. Lawrence Bay At the end of the war, England gives Louisbourg back to the French Angers the colonies
The French and Indian War The French and Indian War Dispute between France, Virginians, Pennsylvania over the Ohio River Valley France begins building a line of forts throughout Ohio Valley [1752] VA sends 21-year-old surveyor, George Washington, to tell the French to leave French refuses [1754] 150 VA militiamen head to Fort Duquesne, led by George Washington -marching to the fort, Washington encounters a small French fort and attacks it -Washington and the militia build Fort Necessity -French surround them – after ten hours, Washington surrender [July 4, 1754] -returns to VA The French and Indian War soon merges into the Seven Years’ War
-Colonies -Iroquois -some other Native American allies 
[1755] 1 400 British soldiers, led by General Edward Braddock and 950 VA militiamen led by George Washington, march to Fort Duquesne -Braddock plans on fighting European-style -On the way to the fort, French powers attack the troops – taken by surprise -23 French deaths, 900 English deaths (including Braddock) -Washington rallies the British soldiers and the colonial militia and leads them to retreat – emerges as a hero – six times Washington was almost killed – two horses shot from under him four bullets through his jacket “A Torch lighted in the forests of America set all of Europe in conflagration.” –Voltaire [1754] The British called together a meeting of all colonies in Albany, NY Purpose: the renewed alliance with the Iroquois Benjamin Franklin draws political cartoon in the PA Gazette “Join or Die” snake Not advocating a revolution Need to join the colonies to survive The Albany Plan of Union Each colonial leader refused to sign the agreement – failed But an important first step towards colonial unity [1755-1757] British are badly beaten by the French despite the fact that the British outnumber the French 20:1 [1758] William Pitt becomes prime minister of Great Britain and takes over the war effort 1. Replaces the older generals 2. Gives the colonies money for raising troops 3. Turns the fighting over to the colonial militia Tide of the war changes to Britain -capture Fort Louisbourg (control over St. Lawrence River) -capture Fort Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt) - [1759] General Wolfe and the British defeat General Montcolm and the French at the Battle of Quebec on the plains of Abraham just outside of Quebec – Britain wins - [1760] Britain takes Montreal - [1761-1763] Limited fighting between British and Spain -Spain loses Cuba and Florida Peace of Paris [1763] France cedes all of Canada and land between the Mississippi and the Appalachians to Britain France cedes land west of Mississippi to Spain Britain keeps Florida France keeps two islands off Newfoundland exclusively for fishing Britain gives the sugar islands (West Indies) back to France Cuba is given back to Spain Significance of the French and Indian War France is out of North America Colonies no longer view the British as invincible Colonial militia gains experience George Washington emerges as a leader for all colonies Colonies gain familiarity with each other Problem in the colonies: Travel Many places, roads are not existent or are not passable Roads were so bad that people would write out wills before going on long trips (ex. PA to NY) Stopped by taverns at night Become the center of political discussion
Colonial Situation [1763] Spanish and French menace is gone Colonies can move west More American than British subjects British Situation [1763] Have control over the largest empire of the world Largest debt in the world (140 million pounds’ worth) Believed in mercantilism George III [1760-1820] comes to power As the French leave [1763] Tell Native Americans – British are going to take over land and kill them Native Americans decide to do something about this – led by Chief Pontiac Pontiac’s Rebellion Native American Confederacy attacks, defeats 8 of 11 British forts in Ohio Valley Kill over 2 000 colonists British are eventually able to put down this rebellion But this changes the development of the Ohio River Valley Proclamation Line of 1763 Restrict colonial settling to east of the Appalachian Mountains Convinced the Ohio River Valley is not safe for settling Colonists are outraged They just fought the French and Indian War Settle the area anyway
Britain places 10 000 British soldiers inside the colonies for protection of the settlers Sugar Act [1764] passed by George Grenville -replaces the Molasses Act – 6 pence tax on sugar -now places a 3 pence tax on sugar -the colonists would bribe officials for one pence to smuggle the sugar into the colonies -colonists get outraged – claim, “no taxation without representation” Stamp Act [1765] passed by George Grenville -tax on all paper products -colonists outraged boycott British products – so successful that trade drops 13% in Britain Sons of Liberty are formed – led by Samuel Adams Terrorize stamp tax agents Call a Stamp Act Congress 9 of 13 colonies meet in NY to discuss the Stamp Act [1766] Britain repeals the Stamp Act passes the Declaratory Act Britain can impose any taxes and laws that they desire Quartering Act [1765] Requires colonies to pay for provisions and build housing for British soldiers Townshend Acts [1767] Passed by Charles Townshend–head of the British treasury “Champagne Charlie” Taxes tea, lead, paint, glass Enforces Navigation Acts Result: John Dickenson writes Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania Boycott British goods Riot against customs officials (esp. Boston, MA) MA sends a circular letter that urged colonies to stick together [1768] British imports to America drop 40% [1768] British soldiers are moved from the frontier to Boston 1 700 strong guard customs officials’ property and custom officials -became a colonial pastime to taunt them -British soldiers are often profane and drunk -high unemployment British took jobs on the waterfront Work for less money than the colonists British are taking away jobs from the colonists The Boston Massacre [March 5, 1770] 5 colonists die – including Crispus Attucks, a runaway, one of the first to die 10 British soldiers arrested and put on trial, including Captain Preston John Adams defends the soldiers Say they are acting in self defense Only two are accused guilty of manslaughter – branded on hand Samuel Adams Comes up with the term “Boston Massacre” Revolutionary – stirs up the crowd by propaganda Paul Revere Creates an engraving on the Boston Massacre – eventually reproduced – picture Uses propaganda that effectively arouses the colonists – leads to outrage The image is reprinted throughout the colonies
After the Boston Massacre Tensions between the two sides die down Townshend Act is repealed [1772] Samuel Adams forms the Committee of Correspondence – spreads propaganda – very successful Tea Act [1773]
The British East India company is bankrupt Parliament gives the company exclusive trading rights to tea in the colonies Colonists pay less for tea The company stays in business Britain collects the taxes Smugglers lose out on financial gains – calls this an outrage Claim the East India company has a monopoly on tea Colonies agree and refuse to accept any tea from the company The tea sits in colonial harbors for days Boston Tea Party [December 16, 1773] Colonists of Boston dress up as Mohawk Indians and board the ships Dumped 342 chests of tea in Boston Harbor – worth $90 000 Organized by the Sons of Liberty and Samuel Adams Very orderly, very quiet Tea party in Princeton – burn chests of tea and an effigy of the MA governor Tea party in Annapolis, MD – ship is also destroyed Britain is not pleased Britain’s Response Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts (by the colonists) Boston Port Act – closes the Boston port Administration of Justice Act – send British officials who have committed a crime are sent to Britain for the trial Massachusetts Governor act – ends the MA legislative Quartering Act – if do not provide shelter, British soldiers will reside in colonial homes Quebec Act – extends the Canadian border to the Ohio River – gives protection to Catholics Outrage VA, NY, MA, and PA – wanted it for farmland [September 5, 1774] first meeting of the Continental Congress meet at Philadelphia at Carpenter’s Hall 12 of the 13 colonies send delegates (except GA) 56 delegates Radicals
Samuel Adams John Adams Patrick Henry Conservative John Jay (NY) John Dickenson George Washington (very conservative) Actions: Create the Declaration of Rights and Grievances by John Adams Outlines the colonies’ problem with British rule Create a Non-Importation Association Calls for a boycott of British goods – more enforced [October 6, 1774] if things do not work out – meet again May 1775 Lexington and Concord Concord, MA (minutemen) MA militia begun preparing for war – store weapons British decide to destroy the weapons – arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock [April 1775] British decide to march to Concord Paul Revere’s Ride With William Dowes and Samuel Prescott Went to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British are coming to arrest them Paul Revere is arrested during the ride The ride is silent – stop by while telling colonists about the British [April 1775] When the British get from Boston to Lexington 70 minutemen standing in the field at Lexington When told to move by the 700 British soldiers, a shot was heard “The Shot heard ‘Round the World” 7 minutemen killed, 8 injured When British get from Lexington to Concord The larger force of minutemen push the British back at the North Bridge British begin to march back to Boston On their retreat – colonists hear of the Lexington skirmish
swarm the retreating British – guerilla warfare 273 British soldiers are killed, wounded, or missing [May 10, 1775] meeting of the Second Continental Congress – in Philadelphia all 13 colonies show up Accomplishments name George Washington as head of the Continental Army Create “privateers” – American pirates Fort Ticonderoga Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen capture the British fort of Ticonderoga Acquire more weapons Battle of Bunker Hill [June 1775] British controls Boston MA militia 1 500+ capture and fortify Breed’s Hill 3 000 British soldiers led by General Howe decide to attack the hill on the 3rd try, capture the hill – Americans had too little ammunition Significance – 1000 British soldiers killed 1/8 of all British soldiers who die in the war die in Bunker Hill [June 1775] Continental Congress sends King George III the Olive Branch Petition -asks king to stop fighting -asks king to work out differences King doesn’t even read it -goes to Prussia and hires 30 000 Prussian soldiers “Hessians” -Britain needs soldiers, Prussia needs money Colonies decide to invade Canada – want to make it the 14th colony Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold are sent to attack Quebec By the time Arnold gets there, he is tired and weakened The attack fails miserably [October 17, 1775] the British burn the town of Falmouth in Maine [January 1776] British burn Norfolk, VA Thomas Paine writes a pamphlet “Common Sense” -outlines why the colonies should break away from Britain -uses simple, easy-to-understand arguments -one out of every five colonists reads or has read to them -“Common Sense” becomes the Declaration of Independence for the Common Man -leads to discussion throughout the colonies [March 1776] George Washington and MA troops defeat the British at Dorchester Heights and force the British to flee [June 1776] Richard Henry Lee of VA Proposes the 13 colonies break away from Britain and declare independence Committed treason The debate over independence will continue for about a month The document Declaration of Independence is formally accepted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 Written by Thomas Jefferson at 33 years of age Declaration was written to rally support at home from the top social classes, to gain support from Europe and to appeal to other British colonies in the Americas Borrows many ideas from John Locke [early 1776] Americans send a diplomat (Silas Drone) to France Secretly arranges for France to send gunpowder to the colonies King Louis XVI Also sends Marquis de Lafayette – comes to the colonies and joins the Continental Army
[early July 1776] 35 000 British soldiers land on Staten Island without a shot being fired Loyalist city is taken without a fight – led by General William Howe Move on to Long Island – Battle of Long Island The Continental Army fares terribly – forced to flee to Manhattan The British chase the Continental Army out of Manhattan [September 1776] retreat to NJ – Continental Army constantly being attacked General Howe stops and passes up the chance to end the war -leaves 3 000 Hessians at Trenton and goes up to NYC Alexander Hamilton (19 years old) Leads cannon fire against the British from across the Raritan River With the British on their heels – Americans barely manage to escape to Pennsylvania in December 1776 Situation for the Continental Army [December 1776] Nothing but defeat Enlistments of Army almost up Militia beginning to melt away Continental Army has not been paid, low in supplies Morale is at its lowest Thomas Paine “The Crisis” all colonists can understand it helps to inspire the continental soldiers Washington has “The Crisis” read to them He then takes a loan and pays his soldiers Devises a plan to attack the British on December 26, 1776 *famous Washington Crossing Delaware painting by Emmanuel Levtze [1851] [December 26, 1776] Battle of Trenton Washington surprises 1 500 Hessian soldiers and easily defeats them in the middle of the night [January 3, 1777] Battle of Princeton Leave the campfires burning – trick the British into thinking he was still at camp -silenced the cannons, silent orders Washington surprises the British Army and scores another major victory Boosts morale of the country More people join the Continental Army – Re-enlisting Both sides go into winter quarters Americans go into Morristown British go to NYC, NY
British develop a plan to cut of the N.E. Colonies from the rest by capturing Albany led by General Johnny Burgoyne led by Colonel St. Leger led by General William Howe converge to Albany -good plan, if successful Errors: St. Leger was defeated before he even gets started -Benedict Arnold and militia forces turn St. Leger back Howe takes his army to Philadelphia first -Continental Army tries to turn Howe back but was defeated in Brandywine Creek and Germantown -British take Philadelphia -Howe decides to stay in Philadelphia Ben Franklin – “It’s not that Howe has captured Philadelphia; Philadelphia has captured Howe.” As Burgoyne travels from Canada to Albany, the colonial militia attacks him Eventually – Burgoyne and the Continental Army led by Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates meet at the Battle of Saratoga Battle of Saratoga [October 1777] Turning point in the war Burgoyne is surrounded and forced to surrender his entire army to Gates Benjamin Franklin In France negotiating with Louis XVI and French officials After Saratoga [February 1778] French decide to form an official alliance with the colonies The French Alliance brings: Navy Supplies Manpower – more soldiers Money Britain is now fighting against two countries [1778] Winter of 1777-1778 Continental Army spends the winter at Valley Forge Baron van Steuben (Prussian drill master) Trains the Continental Army – creates a well-disciplined army Henry Clinton replaces General Howe British move the army from Philadelphia to NYC Battle of Monmouth (NJ) George Washington and Continental Army cut off the British 96°F-100°F heat [June 1778] 100 American and British soldiers die of heat exhaustion battle ends in a draw Significance: After this battle – 1/3 of Hessian soldiers desert the British Last major battle in the North British begin to concentrate on the South [1779] Spanish joins alliance with U.S.A. [1780] Catherine the Great (of Russia) forms the “Armed Neutrality” – the rest of Europe is passively against the British Holland joins the U.S., French, Spanish alliance
British capture Charleston, SC U.S. is defeated at Camden, SC Benedict Arnold becomes a traitor – caught trying to sell plans to the British at West Point – fights the rest of the war as a British general Then, the U.S. is able to turn the war around to their side. Battle of King’s Mountain American militia defeat 1 500 Loyalists Battle of Cowpens Americans get another victory Nathaniel Greene (head of American forces in the South) uses the hit-and-run strategy against the British. Francis “Swamp Fox” Marion leads American militia in attacks upon the British. George Rogers Clark captures a number of British forts along the Ohio River. [1781] Battle of Yorktown
Cornwallis leads the British army to Yorktown, VA At Yorktown – U.S. is planning on waiting for the British supply ship George Washington realizes that Cornwallis walked into a trap Marches Continental Army 300 miles to Yorktown Joined by Rochambeau and Lafayette – French Army De Grasse – French Navy They trap Cornwallis at Yorktown [October 19, 1781] Cornwallis surrenders his entire force of 7 000 soldiers
During the surrender, the British band plays “The World Turned Upside Down” Lafayette doesn’t like the song – makes the band play “Yankee Doodle Dandy” [1782-1783] last two years of the war are fought mainly between Loyalists and militia Problems for the U.S. Throughout the War Lack of supplies High Inflation/hyperinflation Inept Congress Soldiers go unpaid for months at a time Low morale 1/3 of the country actually support the Revolution African Americans and the Revolution present at almost every major battle, fighting for both sides 14 000-20 000 for the British because they granted the slaves freedom 5 000 for the colonies – Washington grants freedom to slaves who fight war leads to increase calls to abolish slavery – the Quakers are the first to free their slaves Women in the Revolution Camp followers Served as cooks, launders, nurses Some actually fight in the war Ex. Molly Pitcher Stay home and run the household/businesses Birth rate declines during and after the war Marks the early beginning of the call for equal rights for women (ex. Abigail Adams) Overall – women were still expected to be subordinate and follow traditional roles for women Education improves for girls Treaty of Paris [1782] The Whigs come into power in Britain and begin negotiating with the colonies American delegates – Benjamin Franklin, John Adams John Jay – begins negotiating directly with Britain [1783] Terms 1. Britain recognizes American independence and set the boundaries at the Great Lakes, Mississippi River and the northern border of Florida 2. Spain takes Florida 3. Both Britain and U.S. can use the Mississippi River 4. Britain keeps Canada 5. U.S. can fish off of Newfoundland 6. The U.S. agrees to urge the individual states to give back Loyalist land 7. The U.S. government agrees to allow British merchants to collect debts from individual states The treaty makes no mention of Native Americans Officially signed on September 3, 1783
Poor Generals Ex. General Howe, General Cornwallis The World is turned against Britain France, Spain, Holland, Russia, Armed Neutrality Distance Difficult to get supplies at times Not fighting for a cause Not successful at North American warfare Difficult to control and capture the Americans A number of powerful cities (capturing one city will not bring the entire downfall of the Americans) Overconfident Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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