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NC Critical Security- “Federal Government” Violation



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1NC Critical Security- “Federal Government” Violation

A. Interpretation-

1. Federal government is the national government that expresses power


Black’s Law Dictionary, 2004 8th Edition, June 1, , pg.716.
Federal government. 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in national politics matters – Also termed (in federal states) central government. 2. the U.S. government – Also termed national government. [Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3]

2. “Its” refers to the subject preceding it and means ownership


Cambridge Dictionary “Its”, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/its)

Definition



belonging to or relating to something that has already been mentioned The dog hurt its paw.

Their house has its own swimming pool.

The company increased its profits.

I prefer the second option - its advantages are simplicity and cheapness.


B. Violation- The affirmative focuses on surveillance practices in CPS schools, this occurs at the local, not federal level




C. Standards

1. Limits- allowing the affirmative to claim advantages off of non-USFG surveillance practices unlimits the topic; any non-federal surveillance measure from local traffic cameras to license plate readers becomes a viable affirmative- a limited topic is an educational topic- the fewer affirmatives we can focus on, the more in-depth our discussions

2. Negative ground- as long as the affirmative does not have to stick to the USFG, they will find the most miniscule local surveillance action as a means to bypass links to politics Das, elections, national security Das, and other core negative generics.

a. There is an education DA to a loss of ground- debating about politics, elections, and national security teaches debaters about vital issues regarding national security




D. Prefer competing interpretations- if our definition is net-better for debate, that is, it is more limited and educational then vote negative



**Curtail ≠ Abolish




1NC Security Letters- Curtail ≠ Abolish

  1. Interpretation

  1. To curtail is to reduce or restrict


Oxford English Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/curtail

Definition of curtail in English:¶ verb¶ [with object]¶ 1Reduce in extent or quantity; impose a restriction on: civil liberties were further curtailed



  1. Abolish is to put an end to


Oxford English Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/abolish

Definition of abolish in English:

verb

[with object]



Formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution):

  1. The plan does not curtail surveillance, it abolishes the surveillance practice of security letters




  1. Standards

  1. Limits- allowing the affirmative to claim two interpretations of curtail (restrict and abolish) doubles the number of viable affirmatives; a limited topic is an educational topic- the fewer affirmatives we can focus on, the more in-depth our discussions

  2. Negative Ground- the negative will not be able to read counterplans that test the affirmative by banning a surveillance practice altogether

  1. Prefer competing interpretations- if our definition is net-better for debate, that is, it is more limited and educational, then vote negative

2NC/1NR/1NR Blocks

**2NC/1NR/1NR Competing Interpretations

2NC/1NR- ANSWERS TO: Reasonability

Reject reasonability

  1. It is too vague and encourages judge intervention- what constitutes a “reasonable” level of predictability is too subjective; what one team finds reasonable another might find unreasonable. Also, absent a debate about the specific costs and benefits of words, the judge will be left to decide for themselves whether they think the affirmative is reasonable

  2. Topicality is good for debate- under their interpretation we would not debate about the comparative merits of different interpretations in the resolution, this means we lose vital cost- benefit analysis skills

***”Federal Government” Violation

2NC/1NR/2NR- “Federal Government”- Extensions




Federal means relating to the national government of the United States


Black’s Law Dictionary, 1999
federal, adj. Of or relating to a system of associated governments with a vertical division of governments into national and regional components having different responsibilities; esp., of or relating to the national government of the United States.

Federal government is central government


PRINCETON UNIVERSITY WORDNET, 1997, p. http://www.dictionary.com/search?q=federal%20government.

Federal government. n: a government with strong central powers.


2NC/1NR/2NR- “Its”- Extensions



‘Its’ means ownership ownership


Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005

(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)


Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership.

EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)



Its means possession


Encarta, 2009 (Encarta World English Dictionary, http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861622735)
its [ its ]
adjective  Definition:   indicating possession: used to indicate that something belongs or relates to something
http://encarta.msn.com/ximages/dictionary/bullet.gifhttp://encarta.msn.com/ximages/trans.gifThe park changed its policy.




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