Chapter 13 Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Nations, States, and Nation-States A. Logistics
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- B. Lesson Plan
- C. Answer Key Because of the excessive length, the complete answer key and annotated readings are found at the end of this file. D. Discussion or Essay Questions
- E. Question Bank
- C. Answer Key Annotated Answer Key to Activities 1 (Yugoslavia) and 2 (Iraq)
Chapter 13 Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Nations, States, and Nation-States A. Logistics Students’ Time Requirements Activity 1: The Rise of Nationalism and the Fall of Yugoslavia Readings 60–90 minutes Fill-in-the-blanks 60–90 minutes Activity 2: Iraqaphobia Readings 90–120 minutes Fill-in-the-blanks 90–120 minutes
II. Political geography terminology
III. The geography of nations and states
IV. Terminological confusion
V. Introduction of exercise
VI. Background on Yugoslavia and introduction of readings and exercise
VII. Background on Iraq and introduction of readings and exercise 1. Optional instructor discussion to help understand the context
VIII. Do the fill-in-the-blanks in class (or assign for homework). IX. Discussion questions. C. Answer Key Because of the excessive length, the complete answer key and annotated readings are found at the end of this file. D. Discussion or Essay Questions Should the United States or Canada intervene in ethnonational wars (or civil wars) in other countries, and if so, when, under what circumstances, and in what way? Why should students care about the Balkans? How long should the U.S. or Canada keep peacekeeping troops in the Balkans? Should the United States support its ally Taiwan if China tries to use force to reclaim it? What effect do you think the European Union, NAFTA, and other “supranational” (actually suprastate) forms of cooperation and open borders will have on future ethnonational movements in those areas? How is it possible that, on the one hand, countries are forming supranational organizations such as NAFTA and the European Union that require them to willingly give up sovereignty on economic, migration, and environmental policy, while at the same time in the same areas, ethnonationalism is tearing places into even smaller parts? How small can a state be and remain viable? What determines viability for a “microstate?” Should any nation, regardless of size or situation, be denied its right to self-determination? The notion that the entire land surface of the planet (and some of its oceans) should be divided among sovereign states is a relatively new notion, traced by some political geographers to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The notion that people have the right of self-determination of government took hold in the late 1700s with the American and French Revolutions. The time at which people began to develop national consciousness has varied greatly and is under much debate, but in many areas did not occur until the nineteenth or twentieth century. Given the relatively recent rise of these nation and state ideas, should they necessarily form the basis of the international political system? Think outside the box and try to imagine another way of organizing political space. Is the United States a nation-state? If not, why not? Why do you think states in the United States are called states and not something more technically accurate? (The reason U.S. states are called “states” and not “provinces” is because the original thirteen colonies had the potential to all become “states” in the true sense of the word, but instead they “united” to form a country, and the name stuck instead of switching to the more geographically correct term of “provinces.” This explanation is not in the book.) Are Americans, made up largely of immigrants and their descendants, a nation? Are the Palestinians a nation? If so, when did they become one? Is England a nation? A state? Neither? Is the U.K. a nation-state? What does nationalism mean to the Chinese? To a Tibetan? Why didn’t the secession of Bosnia stop the fighting there? What are the future prospects for Bosnia to hold together? What other potential conflicts remain in the former Yugoslavia? What contributing factors are likely to turn a minor ethnonationalism situation into a major separatist movement? The breakup of the former Soviet Union has led to greater nationalism worldwide as individual ethnic groups express their desire for autonomy. Why did the breakup of the Soviet Union unleash the forces of nationalism and what are its long-term consequences in political geography terms? What affect has the rise of nationalism had on the U.S. role in international affairs? How does this affect the U.S. military and U.S. foreign policy? What affect has the rise of nationalism had on the United Nations (the number of members, its role in world affairs, the complexity of its mission)? The U.S.-Mexico border is emerging as a culture region unto itself, with strong movements of ideas, products, culture, technology, food, music, and people, etc., across it on a seasonal and even daily basis. Many places along the border have more in common with their counterparts on the other side than with places well within the U.S. and Mexico. What do you think will become of the border region by 2100? What were President Bush’s stated reasons for invading Iraq, and what were the unstated reasons? Do you think that democracy can be imposed by armed intervention in a place that has never had a tradition of democracy? If the stated goal of the U.S. is to create democracy in Iraq, what should it do if the Iraqis elect a radical Islamist regime with close ties to Iran? Should the U.S. respect the democratic will of the people? In what ways does the United States benefit economically from the war and occupation of Iraq? Since Vietnam, the United States has wanted to avoid wars that can turn into quagmires. Secretary of State Colin Powell proposed that the U.S. not engage in any war without a clear exit strategy. What is the exit strategy from Iraq, and what factors could make it difficult to achieve? Historian Samuel Huntington argues that Islam and the West are engaged in a titanic clash of civilizations, and that there are conflicts erupting all around the edges of the Middle Eastern culture region where Islam is coming into conflict with non-Islamic cultures. Do you think that September 11 and the Iraq War can be explained in this way? What factors will make it difficult for the U.S. to pull all military and administrative personnel out of Iraq after the war? Should the U.S. recognize an independent Kurdish state in northern Iraq? How useful are the concepts of nations, states, ethnonationalism, and irredentism for understanding the current situation in Iraq? For understanding why the U.S. went to war in Iraq? Do you think future historians will regard the 2003 war against Iraq as successful? Compare and contrast the political geographies of Iraq and Yugoslavia. In what ways is the study of history essential to understanding contemporary political-geographic crises? Discuss: It is just a matter of time before Iraq breaks apart like Yugoslavia did. What would be the dangers and rewards of allowing Iraq to splinter into separate countries? What could be done to keep Iraq from breaking apart after U.S. and coalition forces leave? E. Question Bank 1. True/False Irredentism is a movement by a minority ethnic group to break off from a country and form their own separate state. 2. True/False Irredentism can occur when a nation extends beyond the state in which they are the majority and overlaps into a neighboring state in which they are a minority. 3. True/False The initial breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s was primarily due to the forces of ethnonationalism. 4. True/False In contrast with nations, states are cultural regions based on actual or mythological common ancestry. 5. True/False To be a nation, the common ancestry of the people must be real and not just mythological. 6. True/False Yugoslavia literally translates into English as “land of the Southern Slavs.” 7. True/False A nation will often consider its ancestral territory a part of its homeland, even if they no longer occupy it. 8. True/False Jews and Palestinians have separate homelands within the state of Israel. 9. True/False As a result of the conflict in Yugoslavia, there is no longer a country on the map by that name.
12. True/False If the Shia government in Iran tried to “reclaim” the Shia region of southern Iraq on the basis of a common national religion, the situation would best be described as irredentism, not ethnonationalism. 13. True/False The desire for a “Greater Kurdistan” is an example of ethnonationalism, not irredentism. 14. True/False In Iraq under President Saddam Hussein, a minority nation was the dominant power and the majority nation was oppressed. 15. True/False The new Iraqi Constitution created a federal system of government. 16. Which of the following could today be considered a nation-state? a. Serbia b. Bosnia c. Yugoslavia d. Croatia * e. Slovenia 17. A region caught between powerful forces whose boundaries are continually redefined is known as a: a. irredentist state b. non-nation-state * c. shatterbelt d. province with divided loyalties
a. British Columbia b. Saskatchewan * c. Québec d. Maine e. California 19. Which of the following multination states is the exception in that there is no major unrest as a result of strong ethnonationalistic feelings? a. France b. China c. Israel * d. Switzerland
a. separatist * b. refugee c. foreigner d. non-citizen
* a. the east/west split of the Roman Empire b. the division of the Austro-Hungarian Empire c. the advent of Nazi troops through part of the area in World War II d. the advent of the Ottoman Empire through only half of the area
a. various political parties based on popular elections b. various political parties based on Tito’s personal choosing * c. the six republics d. the five major ethnic groups e. the three major religions 23. The main minority nation within Macedonia is: a. Croatians b. Greeks c. Serbians * d. Albanians e. Macedonians 24. A complete break-off of a region to form its own independent state is called: a. ethnonationalism b. regional autonomy c. separatism * d. secession
a. South Africa b. Portugal c. Québec d. the Navajo reservation * e. Somalia 26. The two nations that fought over Kosovo in 1999 were: a. Serbians and Bosnian Muslims b. Croatians and Macedonians * c. Serbians and Albanians d. Croatians and Bosnian Muslims
* a. “purifying” an area by killing, threatening, or otherwise forcing out members of other ethnic groups b. forcing members of other religions or speakers of other languages to adopt the religion of the dominant group c. giving greater regional autonomy to a minority ethnic group d. establishing camps where members of ethnic groups perceived to be “unhygienic” are forced into mass baths e. redrawing of boundaries along ethnic lines 28. Which of the following is not part of the definition of a state? * a. a common language b. an organized economy and circulation system c. sovereignty d. a permanent resident population 29. Kosovo: a. is an independent country now * b. is a subdivision of Serbia with a large Albanian majority c. is one of the six former republics of Yugoslavia d. has a predominantly Serbian population e. is part of Romania claimed by Serbia 30. Which of the following states from the original Yugoslavia has the largest Muslim population in percentage terms? a. Croatia b. Slovenia * c. Bosnia d. Yugoslavia e. Macedonia 31. Which of the following historical events is responsible for the existence of a substantial Muslim population in the former Yugoslavia? * a. the Ottoman Empire b. the division between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires c. the Austro-Hungarian Empire d. the U.S.-Soviet Cold War e. the various Mongol tribes that swept across Europe as the Roman Empire collapsed 32. A political geographer would describe the aspirations of Bosnian Serbs to join their territory with that of the Serbian homeland in Yugoslavia as an example of: a. ethnonationalism b. ethnic separatism * c. irredentism d. ethnic cleansing
a. the Shia Arabs; the Kurds b. the Sunni Arabs; the Kurds * c. the Kurds; the Iraqi government d. the Kuwaitis; the Iraqi government e. the Sunni Arabs; the Shia majority 34. After the first Gulf War, the United States reneged on promises to support an independent Kurdish state primarily because of strong opposition by its close ally, ________, which has substantial Kurdish population of its own to deal with. * a. Turkey b. Iran c. Saudi Arabia d. Russia e. Israel 35. Which country does not contain part of the ancestral Kurdish homeland? a. Turkey b. Iran c. Iraq
d. Syria * e. Afghanistan 36. The current boundaries of Iraq were drawn by: a. the United Nations in 1991 b. the United States in 2003 c. the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century * d. the British after World War I e. Pablo Picasso, after drinking too much absinthe 37. Since gaining its independence, Iraq has been a: a. nation * b. state c. nation-state d. province e. national homeland 38. What is the correct political geography term to describe what New Jersey, California, and Illinois are? a. nation b. state c. nation-state * d. province e. colony 39. Which of the following provisions is not in the new Iraqi Constitution? a. “Islam is the official religion of the state and is a basic source of legislation. No law can be passed that contradicts the undisputed rules of Islam.” b. “No law can be passed that contradicts the principles of democracy.” c. “Arabic and Kurdish are the two official languages for Iraq. Iraqis are guaranteed the right to educate their children in their mother tongues.” * d. “The regional authorities have power to conduct their own foreign policy and national defense.” e. “A quota on revenues from oil and gas should be defined for a specified time for affected regions that were deprived in an unfair way by the former regime or later on, in a way to ensure balanced development in different parts of the country.” 40. After the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, U.S. credibility abroad has been undermined by the failure to find: a. Saddam Hussein b. Saddam Hussein’s hidden fortune c. anyone willing to lead Iraq * d. weapons of mass destruction e. Ayatollah Khomeini 41. According to Galbraith, the most explosive unresolved territorial issue in present-day Iraq is: * a. the city of Kirkuk b. the ethnic division of Baghdad c. the border with Kuwait d. the border with Iran e. the city of Fallujah 42. Which of the following is the best example of irredentism? a. the British plantation system in Northern Ireland * b. Germany’s WWII attempt to reunite its national homeland by incorporating portions of neighboring states c. Québec’s movement to secede from Canada d. the Navajo Nation has some regional autonomy within the United States e. the city of Fallujah 43. What is the national language of Iraq? a. Sunni
b. Persian * c. Arabic d. Kurdish e. FORTRAN 44. Chaos in the Persian Gulf would disrupt world _______ markets and therefore the world economy. a. copper b. lithium c. coal
d. food * e. oil
* a. autonomy c. unitary power d. ethnic cleansing 46. After the 1991 Gulf War, the United States chose not to support the Shia and Kurd rebellions because of the worry that a fractured Iraq would create more _______________ in an unpredictable region. a. religious fanatics b. hostile governments c. ethnic animosities * d. instability
a. Iran
b. Pakistan * c. Kuwait d. Afghanistan e. Israel 48. Which country did the United States support in the Iran-Iraq War from 1980 to 1988? * a. Iraq b. Iran c. both of the above d. neither of the above 49. Iraqi Kurds are predominantly: * a. Sunni b. Shiite c. Orthodox Christians d. Iranian e. Kuwaiti 50. Iranians are predominantly: a. Sunni
* b. Shiite c. Orthodox Christians d. Jewish e. Kurdish 51. Iraqi Kurds live primarily in the _______ of the country. * a. north b. south c. east
d. west e. center 52. Kurdistan is a: a. state
b. nation * c. national homeland d. nation-state e. irredenta of Iran 53. What historical event is responsible for the divide between Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims? a. the creation of the state of Israel b. the Crusades c. the Shia were a creation of the British to divide the local religious community and therefore make it easier for the British to control them both * d. a dispute over succession in religious leadership in the decades after Mohammed’s death e. the division of the Ottoman Empire after World War I
a. state
* b. nation c. national homeland d. nation-state e. terrorist organization 55. Iraq’s first type of government, immediately after independence, was: a. communism * b. monarchy c. democracy d. colony e. military dictatorship 56. Iraq became independent in what year? a. 1850
b. 1991 c. 1954
d. 1970 * e. 1932 57. After World War I, control of Iraq was given to what country? * a. Britain b. France c. Russia d. Turkey e. United States 58. What is the ancient name of the area presently called Iraq? a. Palestine * b. Mesopotamia c. Judea d. Thebes e. Halicarnassus 59. Which of the following comes closest to qualifying as a nation-state? * a. Portugal b. Iraq c. Canada d. China e. Israel 60. Which of the following does not define a nation? a. common ancestry b. common religion c. common identity as part of a particular cultural group * d. common citizenship within the same sovereign country
b. unitarianism c. ethnonationalism * d. irredentism e. immigration
a. state
* b. nation c. national homeland d. nation-state e. terrorist organization 63. Iraq’s first type of government, immediately after independence, was: a. communism * b. monarchy c. democracy d. colony e. military C. Answer Key Annotated Answer Key to Activities 1 (Yugoslavia) and 2 (Iraq) The correct answer is underlined after each question. Then, in the annotated readings, the source of the answer is highlighted in yellow, followed by the [Question number, in brackets]. For questions marked by a *, the answer cannot be found directly in the readings. In these cases, the appropriate sources from which the answer can be deduced is given after the answer, in blue. For these questions marked by a *, it goes without saying that one of the required sources is the definition of the key terms. Directory: SECONDARY -> SEC%20-%20CULTURAL%20STUDIES -> AP%20HUMAN%20GEOGRAPHY%2015 -> AP%20HUMAN%20GEOGRAPHY%20CO -> AP%20HG%20Tsts -> H%20Geog%20in%20Action H%20Geog%20in%20Action -> Chapter 3 Tracking the aids epidemic in the United States: Diffusion Through Space and Time A. Logistics SECONDARY -> The state of ict/Computing delivery in Key Stage 3 and 4 SECONDARY -> Application for Art Elective Programme (aep) Centre (2016) H%20Geog%20in%20Action -> Chapter 9 Take Me Out to the Ball Game: Market Areas and the Urban Hierarchy A. Logistics AP%20HG%20Tsts -> Contemporary Human Geography, 2e (Rubenstein) Chapter 11 Industry SECONDARY -> Secondary Bibliography a resource of secondary sources for all acpa poets Table of Contents SECONDARY -> Liquefied Natural Gas: Implications for the Evolving Global Energy Market a light at the end of the pipeline SECONDARY -> Flooding might affect sediment Download 489.73 Kb. Share with your friends:
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