metonymy Substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is meant ("crown for royalty"). In modern literary criticism, metonymy is often seen as the controlling trope for the loosely structured, open-ended works associated with post-modernism. Broadly viewed, metaphor indicates similarity, metonymy contiguity. Metonymy can also refer to the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it: for instance, describing someone's clothing or belongings in order to characterize the individual. Advertising frequently uses this kind of metonymy, simply putting a product in close proximity to something we want (companionship, beauty, happiness). (See Michael Quinion's distinction between synechdoche and metonymy at http://www.quinion.com/words/qa/qa-syn1.htm .)
[Gk. "substitute meaning" or "beyond name"]
-"The pen is mightier than the sword."
-"Have you read Faulkner?"
-"Her voice is full of money." (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
-"Bush has bombed Afghanistan and Iraq." -"The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings." -"The B.L.T. left without paying." (Waitress referring to a customer.) -"Reverend Beadle has not always been a man of the cloth." -"You're not in the ball park yet, but you have pulled into the parking lot." (combination of metaphor and metonyny)
mondegreen A delightful term if not a rhetorical one. Coined by the writer Sylvia Wright and popularized by San Francisco Chronicle columnist Jon Carroll (seehttp://www.sfgate.com/columnists/carroll/mondegreens.shtml ), mondegreen is the mishearing of a popular phrase or song lyric.
-"I led the piegons to the flag" (for "I pledge allegiance to the flag"). -"Excuse me while I kiss this guy" (for the Jimmy Hendrix lyric, "Excuse me while I kiss the sky"). -"Dr. Laura, you pickled man-thief" (for the Tom Waits lyric, "doctor, lawyer, beggar-man, thief"). -"bow and arrow transplant" for "bone marrow transplant." onomatopoeia Formation of words in imitation of natural sounds.
[Gk."name-making"]
"[Aredelia] found Starling in the warm laundry room, dozing against the slow rump-rump of a washing machine." (Thomas Harris, The Silence of the Lambs)
oxymoron The yoking of two terms that are ordinarily contradictory.
[Gk. "sharp-dull"]
-"That building is a little bit big and pretty ugly." (James Thurber)
-"O miserable abundance, O beggarly riches!" (Donne, Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions)
-"This woman had known the hot whispers of a man who loved her, entirely if not eternally. And that she had answered, fiercely soft." ("Chasing Down the Dawn," Jewel Kilcher)
-"Act naturally," "found missing," "alone together," '"peace force," "terribly pleased," "small crowd," "clearly misunderstood."
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English 5730 is taught by Dr. Richard Nordquist. Armstrong Atlantic State University Savannah, Georgia 31419 912-921-5991 e-mail:engl5730@lycos.com
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Glossary of Rhetorical Terms
parable to rhetor
parable Short and simple story that points a moral. Similar to exemplum (a brief story used in medieval sermons to illustrate a moral) and fable.
- In the woods of the Far West there once lived a brown bear who could take it or let it alone. He would go into a bar where they sold mead, a fermented drink made of honey, and he would have just two drinks. Then he would put some money on the bar and say, "See what the bears in the back room will have," and he would go home. But finally he took to drinking by himself most of the day. He would reel home at night, kick over the umbrella stand, knock down the bridge lamps, and ram his elbows through the windows. Then he would collapse on the floor and lie there until he went to sleep. His wife was greatly distressed and his children were very frightened. At length the bear saw the error of his ways and began to reform. In the end he became a famous teetotaler and a persistent temperance lecturer. He would tell everybody that came to his house about the awful effects of drink, and he would boast about how strong and well he had become since he gave up touching the stuff. To demonstrate this, he would stand on his head and on his hands and he would turn cartwheels in the house, kicking over the umbrella stand, knocking down the bridge lamps, and ramming his elbows through the windows. Then he would lie down on the floor, tired by his healthful exercise, and go to sleep. His wife was greatly distressed and his children were very frightened.
Moral: You might as well fall flat on your face as lean over too far backward.
(James Thurber, "The Bear Who Let It Alone," from Fables for Our Time)
paradox A statement that appears to contradict itself.
[Gk. "incredible"; contrary to opinion or expectation]
-"The swiftest traveler is he that goes afoot." (Henry David Thoreau, Walden)
-"I do not love you except because I love you; "I go from loving to not loving you, "From waiting to not waiting for you "My heart moves from cold to fire." (Pablo Neruda)
-"There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that concern for one's own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn't have to; but if he didn't want to he was sane and had to." (Joseph Heller, Catch-22)