It was the site of a victorious battle by the Honvéd army units against the Habsburg forces. – B: 1064, 1031, T: 7456. Vác, Bishopric and Chapter of
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- Viking – Proto - Hungarian Connections
- Világos, Surrender at
- Temesvár, Battle of; Arad, Martyrs of; Haynau, Baron Julius Freiherr von . Village Demolition →Systematization in Romania. Villány Range
- Fodor, József. Vilt, Tibor
- Schaár, Erzsébet; Kmetty, János. Vincze, Zsigmond
- Bél, Mátyás; Hungarian Runic Script. Viola, József
- Most of the persons in the article have their own entry. Virág, Benedek
- Ferenczy, Ist ván. Virágh, András
- Virágh, Endre; Gergely, Ferenc; Liszt, Ferenc. Virágh, Endre
- Bárdos, Lajos; Kodály, Zoltán; Gárdonyi, Zoltán; Harmat, Artúr; Pécsi, Sebestyén. Virginia Codex
Vikidál, Gyula (Julius) (Budapest, 25 January 1948 - ) – Singer. In 1965 he began his career as a rock vocalist in groups such as Iris, Pannonia, Pop, Rekorder and Gemler. In 1974 he joined the P. Mobil heavy rock group, reaching his fame as a singer. From 1979 to 1981, he was a member of the Hungarian super group, Dinamit. Between 1983 and 1986, he was in the P. Box Groups. In 1983, he had a great success as Koppány in the rock musical Stephen the King (István a Király). Thereafter, he has been a rock opera singer with leading parts in Jesus Christ Super Star, Attila, Anna Karenina, and other plays. He still sings rock but in smaller contexts, in H.M.V. and Boxer. He left Boxer in 2008 and joined a new band: Mobil Mania. Since 2010 he has given only guest performances. Vikidál is regarded as one of the best rock singers. He is also a recording artist, as in Dinamit (1980); Stone on Stone (Kő kövön) (1983); Omen (1985); Best of the Best (Színe-java) (1999); Passed Time (Múlt idő) (2003), and This is the Mania (Ez a mánia) (2008). His stage roles include Koppány in Szörényi-Bródy’s Stephen the King (István a király), and Joseph Bouquet in A. L. Webber’s The Phantom of the Opera (Az Operaház fantomja). There are nine feature and TV-films to his credit, including Jesus Christ Super Star (Jézus Krisztus Szupersztár) (1983), and The Golden Age of Transylvania, vols. i,ii, (Erdély aranykora, I-II) (TV, 1989). His distinctions include the Emerton Prize (1987, 1991), the Ferenc Liszt Prize (1998), and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1993). – B: 1031, 2103, T: 7103, 7456. Viking – Proto - Hungarian Connections (Norseman/Norman-Proto-Hungarian connections) – The Vikings’ (Norsemen) trade routes passed through Kiev and the Donyec Basin to reach the Black Sea. Peddling their goods along the way, they visited the equestrian tribes of the Steppes. The iron industry around Kiev played a major part in the Viking/Proto-Hungarian connection. Their weapons even reached into Central Asia. The traditions of the Hungarian chronicles, together with the people of Chorezm/Khorezm, and the “Legend of Csaba” substantiate the similarities of the Viking and Hungarian weaponry style in the time of Ügek (c. 796 – 820 AD). The finish of the sling ends is almost identical as shown by the find of Nagyősz, Hungary, and its counterpart found in Birka, Sweden. The Vikings probably took the “tendril and palmetto” type ornamental style to England, as is confirmed by an example found on a well curb at Hook-Norton. A Viking scepter, among the artifacts of the well-known Sutton-Hoo Viking boat grave in Suffolk – excavated in 1939 – exhibits the same influence. As experts pinpointed, perhaps the striking similarities in folk traditions are the strongest between the Viking and Hungarian customs. B. Blindheim, the curator of the Viking Museum of Oslo, noted the similarity between funeral traditions. In 1950, he discovered a Proto-Hungarian-type skeleton buried in a boat at the Viking settlement of Kaupang. By regularly criss-crossing the Hungarian settlements of the Donyec Basin, the Viking (Norseman) ship flags were evidently styled on the art of animal motifs and adapted to Scandinavian needs. The Scandinavian Jellinge- and Ringerike-style carry on the Hungarian art of animal motifs. – B: 1020, T: 3240. Vikol, János (John) (Karcag, 8 September 1911 - Geneva, 27 October 1970) – Physician, politician. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Debrecen in 1935. From 1935 to 1945, he was a professional soldier, and an outstanding swordsman. From 1943, he served in a unit of the Soviet army. From 1945 to 1955, he was Secretary of State at the Ministry of Public Welfare, later, that of the Ministry of Health. From 1955 to 1958, he was a section-head there. In 1958-1959, he was Director of the St. István (Stephen) Hospital, Budapest. From 1958 to 1966, he served as Head of the National Oncological Institute. Between 1966 and 1970, he was in charge of the section on Cancer Prevention of the World Health Organization – WHO. He dealt with the organization of public health and endoscopic investigations. His works include Twenty-Five Years in the Service of the Fight against Cancer (Huszonöt év a rákellenes küzdelem szolgálatában), co-authored (1966) and Oncological Notes (Onkológiai jegyzet), with co-authors (1966). – B: 1730, T: 7456. Világos, Surrender at – The War of Independence against Austria (1848-1849) ended formally on 13 August 1849, at Világos (now Siria, Romania). The outcome of the War was decided after the Russians, with an overwhelming force, led by Prince Ivan Federovich Paszkievics intervened. The deciding point came at the Battle of Temesvár (now Timișoara, Romania), lost to the Austrians, led by General Baron Julius von Haynau. General Artur Görgey received an offer from Russian General Chrurloff on 21 July, promising the Hungarian officers and men total freedom. The Hungarian Army surrendered to Russian General Rüdiger on 13 August 1849. At Bohus Castle, they signed the document of surrender. By surrendering to the Russians, General Artúr Görgey tried to show that Hungary had not been defeated by Austria. After the surrender, the Austrians made reprisals against Hungary. They sentenced hundreds of soldiers and civilians to death, and imprisoned even more. Prisoners were conscripted into the Austrian Army. On 6 October 1849 at Arad (now in Romania), the Austrians executed twelve Hungarian generals and one colonel. The same day they executed Count Lajos (Louis) Batthyány, the first Hungarian Prime Minister. Following that, Haynau became the Regent of Hungary and began bloody reprisals against Hungary. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7103.→Temesvár, Battle of; Arad, Martyrs of; Haynau, Baron Julius Freiherr von. Village Demolition→Systematization in Romania. Villány Range (Siklós Range) – A low-altitude fault-block mountain made up Triassic and Jurassic sediments, chiefly limestone, in the southern section of County Baranya, some 35 km south of the Mecsek Mountain. The township of Siklós is positioned at its southern foot. Its highest point in southern Transdanubia is Harsány Mount or Szársomlyó (442 m), at its easternmost end; in the west there is an unnamed high point (408 m). Near Máriagyüd there are marble quarries. The area is famous for its wine. – B: 1068, 7456, T: 7456. Vilmon, Gyula (Julius) (Alsóhámor, now Dolné Hámre, Slovakia, 31 March 1897 - Budapest, 6 April 1966) – Physician. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Budapest in 1927. From 1932 he was a municipal medical officer in the town of Salgótarján; from 1939 in County Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia), and from 1941, in County Bács-Bodrog. From 1943 he worked at the Hospital Section of the Ministry of the Interior; from 1945 he was Section Head in the Ministry of Public Health; from 1951, Section Head of the Ministry of Health, where he was deputizing for the Minister of Health from 1956 on. From 1960 he was professor at the Medical School of the University of Szeged. He dealt mainly with public health, epidemics and settlement-health. His works include Textbook of Hygiene (A higiéne tankönyve) (1960) and Settlement Health (Településegészségügy), notes (1962). He was awarded the József Fodor and Pál Bugát Memorial Medals, and he also received the Kossuth Prize in 1948. – B: 1730, 0883, T: 7456.→Fodor, József. Vilt, Tibor (Budapest, 15 December 1905 - Budapest, 13 August 1983) – Sculptor. His wife was Erzsébet (Elizabeth) Schaár. From 1922 to 1926, he studied at the Academy of Industrial Arts and then at the Academy of Applied Arts. His first important artistic creation was a Self-portrait (1926). In the following year, he was invited to become a member of the New Artists’ Association and, with two of his works he also appeared at the exhibition organized by the New Society of Artists. In 1929, together with János (John) Kmetty, he had a joint show in the Tamás Gallery, mainly exhibiting portraits. During 1928 and 1930, he studied in Rome with the scholarship provided by Lajos (Louis) Ernst. Until the middle of the 1930s, in addition to the effect of the Egyptian and Mediaeval sculptural art, he was influenced by Cubism and Classicism. From the end of the 1930s, in his figurines and reliefs, Vilt was seeking the current expression of movement and change. In his works, he primarily used bronze, metals and glass. Typical of his works is the series Figure with Chair (Figura székkel) (1945-1954). From the 1960s, the expression of his mediums became simplified. Numerous works of his, seen in public places, are filled with tension and dynamism. His characteristic statuettes include After the War (Háború után) (bronze, 1945); Indifference (Közöny) (bronze, 1952) and Three Figures (Három figura) (glass). At the 1968 Biennale of Venice, two of his works appeared: Dorothy (an aluminum composition of 3.2 m), and Daydreamer (Merengő) (bronze, 1.7 m high). In 1973, he was a prizewinner at the International Biennale of Small Sculpture of Budapest. His exhibitions include the Ernst Museum (1934); Art Galleries of Debrecen and Budapest (1970); Székesfehérvár (1965); Petőfi Literary Museum, Tihany (1974); in other countries: Paris (1966) and Vienna (1967). He was the winner of the Munkácsy Prize (1965), the Kossuth Prize (1980), and received the titles of Merited Artist (1970), and outstandng Artist (1978). – T: 0883, T: 7456.→Schaár, Erzsébet; Kmetty, János. Vincze, Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Zombor, now Sombor, Serbia, 1 July 1874 - Budapest, 30 June 1935) – Conductor and composer. He studied at the School of the Music Lovers’ Society of Budapest, and began his career in Debrecen; he took part in concerts as a piano accompanist for singers. From 1894, he was conductor of the Opera House Orchestra, Budapest. From 1898, he was conductor of János (John) Komjáthy’s Group and, from 1901, of Ignác (Ignatius) Krecsányi’s group. From 1903 until his death, he was a member of the King Theater (Király Színház), Budapest, except for the contract with the Szeged Orchestra between, 1928 and 1930. Among others, he conducted the world premiere of J. Huszka’s work, Gül Baba, and he conducted his successful operettas also in Dresden and Vienna. He conducted the premiere of his only opera The Stronger (Az erősebb), it being an attempt at presenting a Hungarian folk-play opera at the Opera House, Budapest. Many of his songs appeared in Metropolitan Cabarets. The little operettas composed together with Gyula (Julius) Kővári were presented at the Teréz Ring Boulevard Stage (Teréz-körúti Színpad). He orchestrated Pongrác Kacsóh’s musical comedy John the Brave (János vitéz). His works include Kissing is Forbidden (Tilos a csók) (1909); Gypsy Countess (Cigánygrófné) (1920), and The Golden-haired Lamb (Az aranyszőrű bárány) (1929). – B: 1445, T: 7456. Vinland-maps – At present, five Vinland-maps are known: (1) The Skalholt-map, prepared in 1570 by the Icelander, Sigurd Stephanson. This was lost but a copy, drawn by Bishop Tord Turlaksson in 1670 is extant, and is held by the Copenhagen Library. (2) A sketch by Bishop Hans Poulsen from 1605, now kept in the Nautical Map-Library of Copenhagen. (3) The controversial Yale-map, according to some a forgery, now held by Yale University, USA. (4) The Vinland-map of Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) is in the possession of Géza Szepessy, Museum director of Várpalota, which is known in international professional circles by the name of Hungarian Vinland Map; it must be the one known by millions all over the world. (5) The Vinland-map named after Mátyás (Matthew) Bél, whose original has been deposited in the town of Malmö, Sweden. The Vinland-map of Nagyszombat is an early medieval work, which has beeen the object of a number of corrections and modifications: a copy was prepared in 1599 in Nagyszombat. It was given the serial number 56, which suggests that at least that many maps have been prepared and jointly commissioned. Its paper material was made in Amsterdam, in the 16th century. The short text of the map is derived from the 9th century and, according to Kurt Bergsland, it is a mixture of Old-German and English. According to K.B. Wiklund and Van Loey, it is a mixture of Old Anglo-Saxon and a northern sailor’s jargon. The text is almost entirely of the nature of continuous writing, using Hungarian runic characters; they might have departed from their original form somewhat as a result of the copying, or possibly repeated copying. These runic characters were in use in Hungary at the end of the 16th century, writing from left to right. Some of the inscriptions are: Tengar = Tenger, and Hoyer-weg = the route of the Hoy (islanders). The written text is a valuable relic of Hungarian runic script. According to some it suggests old Norman-Hungarian connections. The map (with three other maps) was bought in 1955 by Géza Szepessy, at that time Head of the Country Museum of the Dorog Coal-basin; it was bought from a teacher from Esztergom, who found it in 1945, while cleaning out a building formerly used as German command headquarters. The Vinland-map named after Mátyás (Matthew) Bél is 395x250 mm in size; its paper material is of uneven thickness, whitish, and slightly greyish-blue. István (Stephen) Kovárczy, in an extensive study, reported on the results of his research on this map. Engineer Arnulf Hongslo, head of the experimental section of Tumba Bruk AB, paper and banknote paper works, a recognized specialist on papers, is of the opinion that the paper of the map was made in Hungary in 1698 (+ or – 4 yrs), using a procedure emplyed Europe-wide, by the standards of the time an excellent quality that could then be produced only in Hungary and Sweden. It could possibly have been made in the paper workshop of the University of Nagyszombat (Trnava). The map shows the area of the Tule (formerly Iceland) diocese, but the indication of the place names, churches, chapels and mission-stations on the map are incomplete, from which one can conclude that the map in its entirety has not been finished. It may have been intended as a map-supplement to a codex, but was not completed for some reason. Of its text-space, lines 1-3 have Latin letters and text, and lines 4-11 have runic script and are in the Hungarian language. Its unknown author was skilled in map-drawing and writing texts in Latin characters, but was not experienced in using the runic script; those characters were written with great care and with few mistakes. The map received its name from the quotation bearing the name of Mátyás Bél. On the other side of the map sheet some notes may be seen in cursive writing from two different hands, in the Hungarian language. One of the notes is a medical collection of five prescriptions. According to the unanimous opinion of specialists, the preparations suggest the therapeutical age of the 1700s. Another note is of agricultural nature, listing the quantity of grain already sown. These notes indicate that the map was in Hungarian hands for centuries. The agricultural note may also indicate the owner of the map, possibly either the Abbey of Tihany, or was in the possession of one of the Széchenyis of Balatonfüred. During the battles around Lake Balaton in World War II, somebody must have rescued it and later on (perhaps Kovárczy), sent it to Sweden. In connection with the Vinland-maps, a number of problems have arisen, which are not yet explained fully; however, their scientific elucidation is being worked on currently, including the Hungarian issues – B: 1174, 1031, 1020, T: 7456.→Bél, Mátyás; Hungarian Runic Script. Viola, József (Joseph) (Marosvásárhely, now Targu Mureş, Romania, 15 March 1770 - Moldova, 1849) – Physician. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Pest in 1796. He became a medical officer in the army, and served in the wars against the Turks. In 1801, he practiced in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania); from 1806 in Bukovina. From 1808 to 1834 he was Court Medical Officer for the Romanian Prince Sturdza, Senior Physician of Moldova, and Supervisor of the Military Hospitals of Moldova. He became a rich landowner in Moldova, Romania. He was corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1838). His works include Diatetik für einen Regenten (1833), and The Hungarian Folk-poetry of Moldva (A moldvai magyar népköltés) (1840). – B: 1730, T: 7456. Viola, Mihály (Michael) (Ács, 22 June 1922 - Budapest, 25 March 1981) – Actor. He graduated from the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, in 1944. From 1945 to 1948 he performed at the Artist Theater (Művész Szhínház), Budapest; from 1948 he played at the Little Theater (Kis Színház), Budapest, and a number of other country and metropolitan theaters. From 1954 until his death, he was a member of the Merry Stage (Vídám Színpad). He was an elegant actor of a pleasant sense of humor, always caricaturing with moderation. His roles include Csongor in M. Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde; Oberon in Shakespeare’s Midsummer-Night’s Dream (Szentiványéji álom); Kossuth in Gy. Illyés’s Torch Flame (Fáklyaláng), and Frank in G.B. Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession (Warrenné mestersége). – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7456. Violin – The most widespread and perfect among the stringed and bowed instruments. Its first depiction can be seen on a 12th century sculpture in the Cathedral of Pécs. According to the conclusion of the renowned music historian A.W. Ambrose, its medieval format was brought to Europe in 1217 by the Crusaders of Hungarian King András II (Andrew, 1205-1235). Its earlier name was fiddle. Medieval source material often mentions it: Sebestyén Tinódi in 1553, Pál Eszterházy in 1658. A 17th century German political leaflet also mentions it. Among the court musicians of Mihály (Michael) Apafi, Gábor Bethlen and Imre Thököly, there are references made to fiddlers. Reigning Prince Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II (1705-1711) listened to fiddler’s music played in front of his tent. It appeared in its present form in Italy at the end of the 16th century. The school of Cremona left it more or less in its original form. Its masters, Stradivarius and Guarnerius, however, refined the instrument to its highest perfection in the 18th century. The 17/18th century masters included outstanding virtuoso Niccolo Paganini; in modern times among the Hungarians violin virtuosos were Jenő (Eugene) Hubay, Ede (Eduard) Reményi, Ede (Edward) Zathureczky and József (Joseph) Szigeti. – B: 0942, 1197, T: 7684.→Most of the persons in the article have their own entry. Virág, Benedek (Benedict) (Dióskál, 1754 - Buda, 30 January 1830) – Poet, writer and literary translator. He was educated in Nagybajom, Nagykanizsa and Pest. In 1775 he entered the Pauline Monastic Order, and studied Theology and Philosophy in Pécs and Pest. From 1782 he taught at the secondary school in Székesfehérvár, where he remained, even after the dissolution of the Order in 1785. In 1794 he entered the household of the noble Batthyány family as a tutor. Later, he moved to the Tabán district of Buda, where he lived for 30 years on a meager pension and on funds anonymously provided by friends. He was one of the greatest masters of Hungarian ode literature. He began to write poetry in 1789, his ideals being the works of the antique masters, especially those of Horace. In his patriotic and philosophical odes, satires and epigrams, he also gave voice to the ideals of his times: the Age of Enlightenment. As a translator, he translated into Hungarian the complete works of Horace. In the last third of his life, he dedicated all his energies to his great historical opus, Hungarian Centuries (Magyar Századok). The work, written in accordance with the patriotic spirit of the times, summarizes the history of the Hungarians up to the Battle of Mohács in 1526. His statue, the work of the sculptor István (Stephen) Ferenczy, was the first statue of a poet to be erected entirely from public donations. – B: 1150, 0883, T: 7617.→Ferenczy, István. Virágh, András (Andrew) (Budapest, 24 February 1960 - ) – Organist and conductor. He commenced his musical studies at the Béla Bartók Conservatory of Music in Budapest. He graduated from Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, where his teachers included Endre (Andrew) Virágh and Ferenc (Francis) Gergely, and graduated in 1983. In 1985 he was on a scholarship at the Royal Conservatory in Liège, Belgium, and was a student of Jean Ferrad. Since 1983, he has been the organist of the Inner-City Parish-Church; since 1999 its conductor and music director; since 1998 he has been choir-director of the Kapisztrán Choir of the Buda Franciscan Church, Budapest. On the 100th anniversary of the death of Ferenc Liszt in 1986, he performed all the Master's organ works; in 1990 he played all the major organ works of Cesar Franck, in honor of the great French composer. He gives regular performances, both in Hungary and abroad. His repertory includes organ works by Bach, Franck, Liszt, Reger, Mendelssohn and Brahms, as well as contemporary Hungarian and French organ works. He has regular performances at St. István’s (St. Stephen) Basilica in Budapest, and is the regular organist of the National Philharmonic Orchestra. He teaches organ at the Church Music Department of the Dániel Berzsenyi College in Szombathely, where he is an assistant professor. András Virágh has given performances in Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, France, Bulgaria and Slovakia. His recordings include all of Liszt’s organ works (1996), Kodály’s entire organ works (1997), and C. Frank’s entire organ works (1999). At the Second International Ferenc Liszt Organ Competition in 1983, he was awarded the special prize of the Cziffra Foundation for the most outstanding interpretation of Liszt’s works. In 2001, from the Hungarian State, he received the Ferenc Liszt Prize, and from the City of Budapest the Pro Civibus Prize. – B: 0874, 1936, T: 7103.→Virágh, Endre; Gergely, Ferenc; Liszt, Ferenc. Virágh, Endre (Andrew) (Vasvár, 23 March 1923 - ) – Organist and conductor. He obtained his Ecclesiastical Conductor’s qualification from the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest in 1950. His teachers were Lajos (Louis) Bárdos, Zoltán Kodály, Miklós (Nicholas) Forrai, Zoltán Vásárhelyi, Zoltán Gárdonyi, Artur Harmat and Olivér Nagy. As a student of Sebestyén (Sebastian) Pécsi, he received his diploma in organ playing in 1955. He furthered his studies under Jiri Reinberger in Prague, Dupré Marcel in Paris, and Germani Fernando in Rome. From 1955 to 1986 he taught at the College of Music in Miskolc and, from 1987 to 1986, at the College of Music of Budapest. From 1973 to 1979 he conducted music courses at the festival of Citta di Castello and, from 1980 on, at the Assisi Festival. All over Europe, he gives concerts regularly. He is conductor of the Inner City Parish Church of Budapest. – B: 1679, T: 7456.→Bárdos, Lajos; Kodály, Zoltán; Gárdonyi, Zoltán; Harmat, Artúr; Pécsi, Sebestyén. Virginia Codex – A manuscript written before 1529. It contains monastic rules, as well as notable events from the life of St. Francis of Assisi. The author is an unknown Franciscan monk who compiled it for the use of the Clarissa nuns. It is a 150-page Hungarian language relic discovered in 1844 at the Rectory in Tiszalök. Countess Virginia Desewffy forwarded it to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, whence is its name. It is in the Library of the Academy of Sciences. – B: 1150, 1078, T: 7617.→Codex Literature. 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