Pestvidéki Ásványbánya Vállalat
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- Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán; Weiner, Leo; Farkas, Ferenc; Sugár, Rezső. Somogyi, Nusi
- Song of the Acquisition of Pannonia
- Csáti, Demeter. Sőni, Pál
- Liszt, Ferenc; Kodály, Zoltán; Weiner, Leó; Hubay, Jenő. Soó, Rezső
- Civitas Fidelissima; Sopron Division; Freedon Fight of 1848-1849; Kazinczy, Ferenc; Széchenyi, Count István; Pan-European Picnic.
Somogyi, László (Ladislas) (Budapest, 25 June 1907 - Geneva, 20 May 1988) - Conductor. After his preliminary musical studies (violin, piano), he finished his studies at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, as a student of composition under Zoltán Kodály in 1935. Although he did not aspire to be a composer, he wanted to learn how music was “constructed”, and this was how he became an outstanding conductor of modern musical works, especially those of Bartók and Kodály. In 1935 he was a student of conducting under Hermann Scherchen in Brussels. Between 1932 and 1936 he was a violinist in the Concert Orchestra of Budapest. It was in 1936 that he conducted his first concert in the great hall of the Academy of Music; he continued by conducting in Dutch, Belgian and Italian towns and in Vienna. Between 1939 and 1943 he founded and directed the Goldmark Orchestra in Hungary and, from 1945 to 1951, he was Conductor of the Budapest Symphony Orchestra. From 1949 to 1956, Somogyi was Professor of Conducting at the Academy of Music, Budapest. Between 1951 and 1956, he was chief conductor of the Symphony Orchestra of Hungarian Radio. After the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, he emigrated, working in Western Europe and, in the 1960s, in the USA. From 1964 to 1970 he was Director of the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra in New York State; here he also found ways and means to popularize more recent Hungarian music. He returned to Europe in the 1970s and settled in Geneva. He is regarded as a determining figure in the Hungarian musical life of the post-war decades (1945-1956); he was one of the really striving workers in the heroic age of Hungarian music, hallmarked by the names of Bartók and Kodály. Unforgettable Mozart concerts are also linked to his name, together with first performances of works by Z. Kodály, L. Weiner, F. Farkas and R. Sugár. He was awarded the Kossuth Prize (1951), and the title Merited Artist (1953). A book was written about Somogyi and his age by István Kerekes, entitled (Once There Was a Hungarian Conductor (Volt egyszer egy magyar karmester) (2005). – B: 0883, 1863, T: 7456.→Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán; Weiner, Leo; Farkas, Ferenc; Sugár, Rezső. Somogyi, Nusi (hollósi Somogyi, Anna) (Budapest, 3 March 1884 - Budapest, 8 October 1963) – Actress. She was trained in the School of Dramatic Art of the National Actors’ Association. First, she appeared on stage with the company of Miklós (Nicholas) Mariházy Kövér in Kecskemét in 1907. The following year, she was invited to play in Sándor (Alexander) Rott’s Company. In the summer, she appeared in the Jardin de Paris. In 1910 the Comedy Theater of Szeged (Szegedi Vígszimpad) engaged her. In 1913 she was contracted to the Budapest Theater (Budapest Színház); in 1914 to the King Theater (Király Színház) and, from 1915 to 1918, to the Winter Garden (Téli Kert). She was a guest with the troupe of the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház) at the People’s Opera (Népopera) in 1916. From 1919 she again played in the King Theater and, from 1923 to 1925, she was a member of the Lujza Blaha Theater (Blaha Lujza Színház); she also appeared in the Municipal Theater (Városi Színház) in 1926 and in the Royal Orfeum in 1927. She appeared as a guest artist in Vienna in 1928. Nusi Somogyi was invited to play at the Budapest Theater between 1928 and 1930. In the years from 1931 to 1935 she appeared in the Metropolitan Operetta Theater (Fővárosi Operett Szanház). Between 1933 and 1940 she was on the stages of the Royal Orfeum, Royal Revue and the Royal Theater, and she also played for the Buda Stage Circle (Budai Színkör) during 1929, 1930 and 1932; in the Repertory Theater (Kamara Színház) in 1933, 1934 and 1936; in the Magyar Theater (Magyar Színház) in 1935; in the Erzsébetváros Theater (Erzsébetvárosi Színház) (1937, 1938 and 1944) and in the Municipal Theater in 1937. She was a member of the Márkus Park Theater (Márkus Park Színház) in 1939, the Madách Theater (Madách Színház) in 1941, and the Merry Theater (Vídám Színház) in 1942. After the war she played mainly in rural towns, but she played also in the Lujza Blaha Theater (1957-1959). She retired in 1960. She was usually a soubrette and comedienne; later in her life, she was also an excellent dancing primadonna. Her roles included Gretl in F. Lehár’s The Blue Mazurka (Die blaue Mazur – Kék mazúr); Ágota Illésházy in J. Huszka’s Baroness Lili (Lili bárónő); Diana in J. Huszka’s Golden Flower (Aranyvirág); Amália in L. Lajtai’s Three Springs (Három tavasz), and Mrs. Borbás in Sz. Fényes’ Two Loves (Két szerelem). There are more than 25 feature films to her credit including State Department Store (Állami Áruház) (1952); Two Confessions (Két vallomás) (1957); The Promised Land (Az ígéret földje) (1961); Two Lives of Auntie Mici (Mici néni két élete) (192), and Idol (Bálvány) (1963). – B: 1445, 1719, T: 7456. Somogyi, Pál (Paul) (Budapest, 10 June 1924 - Budapest, 9 December 1983) – Journalist and humorist. He started his career by writing poems; in 1945 he published a volume of poems entitled Pastorale. From 1946 he appeared on Hungarian Radio with amusing one-minute song-burlesques. From 1953 to 1957 his writings appeared in the military journal For Our Free Country (Szabad Hazánkért). His humorous writings were mainly published in the leading humorous journal, Crafty Matt, the Goose-herd (Ludas Matyi) from 1957 becoming its associate editor and later leading co-editor. He wrote a number of radio plays and Hungarian Television often beamed his bright scenes. In 1974 he prepared a TV film together with Róbert Bán entitled Love at a Moderate Price (Szerelem jutányos áron). His works include Decameron of Pest (Pesti dekameron) humoresques (1964), and More Recent Decameron of Pest (Újabb pesti dekameron), humoresques (1968). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456. Somogyvári, Rudolf (Skoda, Rezső) (Budapest, 30 November 1916 - Budapest, 28 September 1976) – Actor. He completed the School of the National Actor’s Association and started his career in the Hungarian Theater (Magyar Színház), Budapest. After spending years in the countryside and then in Szeged (1939-1941), he appeared on the stage of the Andrássy Boulevard Theater (Andrássy úti Színház), Budapest, playing the role of Napoleon in H. Bahr’s Josephine in 1942, which made him well-known. While he was a prisoner-of war in Russia (1945-1949), he organized a soldiers’ theater. After his return to Hungary, until 1960 he was a member of the Merry Theater (Vídám Színház), the Pioneer Theater (Úttörő Színház) and the Petőfi Theater (Petőfi Színház). In 1960 he signed a contract with the Szigligeti Theater (Szigligeti Színház) of Szolnok and, in 1963 the Thalia Theater (Thália Színház) of the capital city. From 1969 until his death, he played in the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház) of Budapest. On stage and in films, radio and television Somogyvári made many memorable renderings of personalities. His high standard caricatures also secured popularity for him. His roles included title roles in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Richard II, and Agrippa in Antony and Cleopatra; title roles in Schiller’s Don Carlos; Rostand’s The Eaglet (A sasfiók); Ciganov in Gorky’s Barbarians; Almády in F. Molnár’s The Play’s the Thing (Játék a kastélyban); Director in Somerset Maugham’s Theater (Színház), and Jenő Baradlay in M. Jókai-M. Földes’ Sons of the Stone Hearted Man (A kőszívü ember fiai). His film roles included Viki (1937); Spiral Staircase (Csigalépcső) (1957) and Stars of Eger, a.k.a. Eclipse of the Crescent Moon (Egri csillagok) (1968). He was awarded the Mari Jászai Prize in 1956 and 1968. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456. Somogyváry, Gyula (Julius) (pen name: Gyula diák – Clerk Julius) (Füles, 21 April 1895 - Kistarcsa, 12 February 1953) – Writer. He received his elementary schooling in Somogyvár and his secondary education in Budapest. He fought on the Italian and Russian fronts during World War I, remained there for 36 months and achieved the rank of lieutenant. He worked as a carpenter journeyman and was part of the Counter Revolution in 1919. He became journalist and later Director of the Hungarian News Service (Magyar Távirati Iroda). From the mid-1930s, he served as a parliamentary representative until 19 March 1944, the starting date of Hungary’s German occupation; under occupation, he operated a secret anti-German radio broadcast. He was a faithful believer in the country’s independence. On 2 March 1944 the German Gestapo arrested and deported him to Mauthausen; he returned in June 1945. He resumed publication of his articles in religious papers. He was arrested again on 5 November 1950, and interned in Kistarcsa. He died en route to the transit prison hospital and was laid to rest in a common grave; he was reinterred into parcel 301 at the Cemetery of Rákoskeresztúr, Budapest, on 11 February 1992. Somogyváry was an important member of the national writers’ group, active between the two World Wars. He wrote under a pen name. He penned mostly historical novels and his year-end broadcasts were also popular. His well-known works are Fogging on the Rhine (A Rajna ködbe vész) (1935); We are still Alive (És mégis élünk) (1936); The Almond Tree is Blooming (Virágzik a mandulafa) (1937); The Army Corps Remained Faithful (A Hadtest hű maradt) (1942), and Turn of the Soldier’s Star (Katonacsillag megfordul) (1944). – B: 0883, 1136, 1257, T: 3240. Song of the Acquisition of Pannonia – One of the oldest Hungarian historical songs, which was written in an ancient form of 42 four-line stanzas. It is the story of Árpád; how the first Prince of the incoming Magyars from the direction of Transylvania, mounted on a white horse with a golden bridle and saddle, claimed the country from the Polish prince living in Veszprém. The clumsy poem was written in the first half of the 16th century and its separate verse ending was most likely written by Demeter (Demetrius) Csáti of the Szilágyság region following the battle of Mohács (1526). There are ancient details suggesting that, before Csáti, another, much older historical song on the same subject existed. The original manuscript has yet to be recovered. While a sentencing judge of the County Court, named Subich, copied it in the 19th century, the historical writer, György (George) Pray, mentioned it for the first time in 1774. – B: 0942, 1078, T: 3240.→ Csáti, Demeter. Sőni, Pál (Paul) (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania, 21 January 1917 - Kolozsvár, 14 October 1981) – Hungarian literary historian, critic and writer. He completed his studies in Nagyvárad, Cernovic and Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). He became noted in the Helicon of Erdély (Transylvania) (Erdélyi Helikon). At the end of World War II he was carried off and detained. After his return, he was a newspaper reporter; from 1947-1953 he worked for the Editorial Office of the paper, Forwards (Előre). From 1954 to 1956 he was Chief Editor for the paper Our Road (Útunk), then that of its Literary Publishers. From 1957 he was a professor at the Hungarian Faculty of the University of Kolozsvár. Sőni’s studies appeared in the Literary Criticisms (Irodalmi Birálatok) (Bukarest, 1955); the Attraction of Creations (Művek vonzása) (Bukarest, 1967), and Literary Profiles (Irói Arcélek). In 1969 he published The History of Hungarian Literature in Romania (A romániai magyar irodalom története), a university textbook. In his work Avant-garde Radiation (Avant-garde sugárzás) (Bucharest, 1973), he worked out in detail the Hungarian Avant-Garde Literature of Erdély. His work, entitled Nagy István is a biographical monograph (Bucharest, 1973). His novels appeared with the titles Pose and Smile (Póz és mosoly) (Bucharest, 1969); The Death of Andriska (Andriska halála) (Kolozsvár, 1973), and The Last Circle (Az utolsó kör) (Kolozsvár, 1979). His short stories were Traces of a Sparrow (Verébnyomok) (Bucharest, 1969) and the Open Courtyard (Nyitott udvar), sketches, short stories (Bucharest, 1980). The Avant-Garde literary tradition influenced his story-telling art. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7684. Sonkoly, István (Stephen) (Sátoraljaújhely, 21 December 1907 - Debrecen, 13 December 1988) – Violinist, voice teacher and writer on music. From the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, he obtained a diploma in violin playing, violin teaching, voice teacher and composing under the tutorship of Zoltán Kodály, Jenő (Eugen) Hubay and Leo Weiner. He earned a Ph.D. at the Arts Faculty of the University of Budapest, with his dissertation Jenő Péterfy as Art Critic, in 1937. He appeared at concerts in Hungary and abroad from 1927 to 1932, concurrently working as a professor at the Academy of Music, Budapest, and then lecturing at the Reformed Teachers’ College of Nagykőrös (1934-1939), the Roman Catholic High School of Kalocsa (1939-1945), the Teachers’ College of Nyíregyháza (1946-1951), the Teachers’ College of Debrecen (1952-1959) and, finally, at the High School and College of Music of Debrecen (1959-1968). His studies include Kodály, the Man and Artist (Kodály, az ember és művész) (1948); Music of the Freedom War (A szabadságharc zenéje) (1949); Franz Liszt in County Hajdú (Liszt Ferenc Hajdú-vármegyében) (1962), and Mazurka Rhythm in Hungarian Folk-music (Mazurka ritmus a magyar népzenében (1963). – B: 0883, 1134, T: 7456.→Liszt, Ferenc; Kodály, Zoltán; Weiner, Leó; Hubay, Jenő. Soó, Rezső (Rodolph) (Székelyudvarhely, now Odorheiu Seculiesc, Romania - 1 August 1903 - 10 February 1980) – Botanist. He completed his high school studies in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). In 1925 he obtained his Degree in Education (Dip.Ed.) and subsequently a Ph.D. from the University of Budapest. For two years, he was a member of the Collegium Hungaricum of Berlin. From 1927 to 1929 he was an assistant lecturer at the Biological Research Institute of Tihany (on Lake Balaton); in 1929 an associate professor and Head of the Botanical Department at the University of Debrecen, which he founded and led for 11 years, and which became the famed School of Coenology and Ecology of Debrecen, well known in Europe; he also pioneered plant geography and evolution. Beside floral, geo-botanical and coenological research, he researched the history of vegetation, systematics (especially the taxonomy of orchids) and nature conservation. From 1940 to 1944, when the Second Vienna Award returned northern Transylvania to Hungary, he was Head of the Department of Plant Systematics at the University of Kolozsvár, Director of its Botanical Gardens, and was in charge of the botanical collection of the National Museum of Transylvania. After 1945, he returned to his chair at the University of Debrecen for ten years, becoming President of the Biological Section of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Dean of the University of Debrecen, and Editor of the journal Acta Geobotanica Hungarica. By 1955 Soó settled permanently in Budapest, where he already gave lectures at the University between 1952 and 1955, and was Professor of Plant Systematics and Plant Geography at the University until his retirement in 1969. He was concurrently the Director of the Budapest Botanical Gardens. During his years in Budapest, he continued his work on the six-volume handbook, the publication of the last volume of which in December 1980 he did not live to see. His scientific activity of five decades resulted in 660 published works, including 30 books, some on nomenclature, history of botany and bibliography. He also wrote some textbooks. He worked out his own plant-evolutionary system in his book Evolutionary Plant Systematics (Fejlődéstörténeti növényrendszertan) (1953). His works include Geobotanische Monographie von Kolozsvár (1927); Floren und Vegetationskarte des historischen Ungarns (1933); Flora of the Szeklerland in Transylvania (A Székelyföld flórája) (1943), and Taxonomic and plant-geographic handbook of Hungarian flora and vegetation, vols. i-vi (A magyar flóra és vegetació rendszertani-növényföldrajzi kézikönyve I-VI) (1964-1980). He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1947, ordinary 1951). He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1951 and 1954. – B: 1031, 1160, T: 7456. Soós, Ferenc (Francis) (Újpest, 10 June 1919 - Budapest, 5 February 1981) – Table-tennis player. From 1934 he was a table-tennis player at the Physical Exercise Club of Újpest (Újpesti Torna Egylet – UTE), from 1940 at the Physical Culture Training Circle of the Manfréd Weiss Company (Weiss Manfréd Torna Klub – WMTK), from 1946, at Mezőkémia and, from 1950 at the Lombik of Kőbánya. Between 1937 and 1950 he appeared altogether on seventy-four occasions in the Hungarian selected team. In the World Championships, he won 12 medals. He received the outstanding majority of his results in teams and in doubles, but he also won a Silver and a Bronze medal in individual competitions. In 1938 he acquired the title of World Champion in London. He was the only one from the Hungarian team who, after World War II, continued his career in the Hungarian selected team. After 1953, he was no longer active in sports. – B: 1031, T: 7456. Soós, Géza (Budapest, 13 October 1912 - McConnelsburg PA, USA, 5 September 1953) – Minister of the Reformed Church, politician and cultural organizer. He studied at the Law School of the University of Budapest, and obtained his Ph.D. in Law in 1935. He started his career in the law court, where he became a judge. In 1940 he started working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and, until the autumn of 1944 he actively fostered connections with the West. From 1930 he participated in the work of the Reformed Student Association Soli Deo Gloria and, in 1940 he became its national president and led the Association until 1946. In the spring of 1944, after the German occupation of Hungary, he joined the resistance movement. In September 1944, Soós became the secretary of the Hungarian Independence Movement. In December, on behalf of the resistance, he flew to the American Command in Southern Italy, where he was taken into custody; he was freed in May 1945, and was able to return to Hungary in January 1946. However, in the summer of 1946, he fled to the West. He settled in Switzerland, obtained his pastoral qualification and entered the Geneva Center of the World Council of Churches (WCC) (Egyházak Világtanácsa – EVT); later he became its secretary. In 1949 he formed the Hungarian Mental Working Party and launched the journal New Hungarian Road (Új Magyar Út). In November 1951 he moved to the USA, where he worked as an official of the WCC. He died in a road accident. – B: 1672, T: 7456. Sós, Endre (Andrew) (Budapest, 18 July 1905 - 12 July 1969) – Journalist and writer. He studied Law at the University of Budapest; but in 1931 he was asked to leave because of a poem of his that had appeared in the socialist paper People’s Word (Népszava). Prior to 1945, he was a correspondent of and, at a later stage, Editor of the papers Evening Courier (Esti Kurír), The News (Az Újság), Hungarian News (Magyar Hírlap), Morning News (Reggeli Újság) and The Pen (A Toll). He was also Editor for the book series entitled New Jewish Library (Új Zsidó Könyvtár). During World War II, he was called up for forced labor in 1944, and was kept in the military prison at Győr. After 1945 he was the chief contributor of the paper People’s Word (Népszava), and for 25 years of the paper Hungarian Nation (Magyar Nemzet). From 1957 to 1965 he was President of the Hungarian Jews’ National Agency, and of the Israelite Community of Budapest, and also Editor-in-Chief of the Jewish religious paper New Life (Új Élet). In his 30-plus books, essays and other published writings, his interest in literary history and history itself were combined with sensitivity toward current problems. He became the victim of a car accident. His works include Symbolism in Literature (A szimbolizmus az irodalomban), essay (1924); What Will Happen to Europe? (Mi lesz Európával?) (1931); Jews in Hungarian Towns (Zsidók a magyar városokban) (1941); European Fascism and anti-Semitism. The Age of Persecution (Európai fasizmus es antiszemitizmus. Az üldözések kora) (1948); Cervantes (1955), and Thomas and Heinrich Mann, with Magda Vámos (1964). His lifework was recognized, among others, by the honor entitled Colors of the People’s Republic of Hungary (1957). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456. Sós, József (Joseph) (Orosháza, 21 November 1906 - Budapest, 4 January 1973) – Physician and pathophysiologist. He obtained his Medical Degree at the University of Debrecen and thereafter he was practicing as a district physician in various country towns (1932-1936). Between 1936 and 1941 he was a research fellow in the Biological Institute of the University of Pécs; in 1941 he became an honorary lecturer (privatdozent). From 1941 to 1945 he was Head of the Trophological Section of the National Public Health Institute. From 1945 to 1948 he was a specialist lecturer and counselor in the Ministry of Public Welfare; from 1948 he was Director of the Institute of Pathological Biology and a professor at the University of Budapest; he was its Vice-Chancellor from 1964 to 1967. He dealt mainly with trophology, clarification of the role of amino acids in the system, thyroid gland illnesses and metabolic disorder of the myocardium. He also made important advances in the field of civilizational illnesses and in the neurological disorders due to chemicals. He was the author of several works on the history of medicine. His works include Wartime Nutrition (Háborús táplálkozás) (1943); Nourishment, Health, Illness (Táplálkozás, egészség, betegség) (1965); Textbook of Pathological Biology (Kórélettan tankönyv) (1966); Pathology of the Illnesses of Civilization (A civilizációs betegségek kórtana) (1969), and The Art of Nutrition (A táplálkozás művészete) (1970). He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1961), and was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1959. – B: 1730, T: 7456. Sopron (German: Ödenburg) – Old cultural town in a picturesque setting in western Hungary near the Austrian border, 80 km southeast of Vienna and 6 km west of Lake Fertő (Neusiedlersee), at the foot of the eastern spur of the Alps (the Rozalia and Sopron Ranges), at 212 m above sea level with the Ikva Creek flowing through the town. A document from 1317 refers to it as the “gate of the realm”. It is a commercial center as well, producing cotton textiles and wool, while the people in the surroundings of the town are also engaged in wine production, the main source of income for the town’s inhabitants. The best-known type of Sopron wine is a red burgundy, cultivated since the 16th century. Sopron is considered to be the healthiest town in Hungary, but its population scarcely increased during the 20th century: 33,478 in 1901, 42,205 in 1941 and 41,246 in the 1970s; by religion: 65% Roman Catholic, 28% Lutheran, 1.5% Calvinist, 5.5% Jewish (1930 census); 56,417 in 2005. The German farmer-burghers are referred to facetiously as poncichters. Sopron also has a law court, attorney’s department, post office administration, school inspectorate, banks and chamber of commerce. The University at Sopron was formed by the transfer of the Mining and Forestry Academy of Selmecbánya (Schemnitz) from Upland (Felvidék) of northern Hungary, now Slovakia) as a result of the Dictated Peace Treaty of Trianon (1920), when the entire Academy, teachers and students, moved en masse to Sopron (cf. K.J. Roller: The Sopron Chronicle, 1986, Rákóczi Foundation, Toronto). Many of the staff and students emigrated to Canada after the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, and most of them settled in Vancouver. Sopron was the home of the Lutheran Theological Faculty of Pécs. At present, the University of Western Hungary at Sopron includes faculties of heavy-industrial engineering and metallurgy; and, associated with it. In Sopron, there are the Benedictine and Lutheran high schools; the last was founded in the 16th century and contains a library of 28,000 volumes, with many manuscripts, incunabula, and unique copies. Among others, the poet Dániel Berzsenyi was a student there. There is a Teachers’ College, a Military College and a Female Officers’ College; a State High School, and an Ursuline Girls’ High School; a Municipal Library and a Museum (specialized in ancient- and local cultural history) and rich municipal and county-archives (with some documents from the Árpád-dynasty era); there is also a theater, inns (e.g. Jégverem Fogadó), a Hospitality Club, a Municipal Secondary School (since 1869) and a number of sports fields. In the service of community care, there is a Civic Home, a Poorhouse, an Ams-house and a Deaf-mute Institute. Cultural associations include the Fine Arts Circle, the Frankenburg Literary Circle and the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Music Society (since 1829), while the papers of Sopron include Sopron News (Soproni Hirlap), Ödenburger Zeitung, and the journal on local history, Sopron Review (Soproni Szemle). The Sopron industries include bell-casting workshop, fire-engine factory, ironworks, steelworks, cotton- and silk-textile mills, carpet -factory, ribbon-weaving workshop, several brickyards, bakeries, breweries, distilleries and a vinegar workshop. There are municipal gas-works and a power station, and also a briquette plant, using the brown coal from the neighboring Brennberg mine. The inner town preserved the greatest number of art monuments, having been the core of the town even in Roman times, where every era is represented from Gothic to Classicism. The symbol of the town, the Fire Tower, stands (61 m) on the original main square (now the Francis Joseph Square), the base of which goes back to the times of the Árpád Dynasty (11th to 14th century); its present form was completed in 1681. The adjoining building was the home of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490) in his youth. Nearby are the 19th century County Hall and the New Town Hall. In the center of the square rises the Baroque-style Holy Trinity monument (1701) and next to it the Benedictine Church (“Goat Church”) in Gothic style; its interior furnishings were renewed in Baroque style in the 18th century. The streets of the inner town lend a uniformly historic impression with their 17th – 18th century Baroque mansions and ornate middle-class houses; among them the best-known are the Esterházy mansion, the Bezeredi hall of the 18th century, the Lutheran rectory, the Zichy-Meskó mansion, the Eggenberg house with a stone pulpit in its courtyard from the counter-reformation era, and also the chapter house. Many courtyards show typical loggias, open stairs, artistic railings, fine gates, window ornaments and coats-of-arms; there are many memorial plates. The core area has a number of churches: the St. George Church (15th century), the Lutheran Church (1782-1783) and the Ursulines’ Neo-Gothic church (1864) with the 18th century Maria Fountain in front of it. The city was surrounded with a fortified wall, traces of which may still be seen. In place of the moat, the present-time commercial district, with fine Rococco and Classicist-style houses alternate with more recently-built buildings. The 18th century Dominican Church, the Széchenyi Palace (1828) and the Casino building stand on the Széchenyi Plaza; the statue of Count István Széchenyi (“the Greatest Hungarian”) is the work of Lajos Mátrai. On Petőfi Square there is the Theater of Sopron and the statue of Franz Liszt (the work of Viktor Tilgner). At the beginning of Rákóczi Boulevard, a memorial tablet marks the one-time dwelling house of the poet Sándor Petőfi. In the old suburbs beyond the Ikva Creek, the German-speaking Poncichter farmers live, growing beans and cultivating grapes, producing their own wines. (The name Poncichter derives from the German Bohnenzüchter, meaning beangrowers.) St. Michael’s parish church was built in the 15th century. Next to it is the little St. Jacob Chapel from the 13th century. The church of the former Knights of St. John was built in 1484, and renovated in the 19th century. St. Michael’s Cemetery has many Rococo and Empire-style tombs. Notable is the chapel of the Voss Orphanage with the beautiful altar painting by István (Stephen) Dorfmeister. Beyond the railway line, at the foot of the Sopron Range, a more recent suburb has developed, with garden houses, sports fields and a university students’ colony. The History of Sopron dates back to the Romans, who further developed the Celtic earthen fortifications on the town’s site and established a settlement called Scarbantia, a military outpost; it fell into ruins in the migration period. In the 9th century, German settlers appeared until the Magyars took over during the Carpathian settlement. King St. Stephen (1000-1038) developed it into a royal castle. King Ottocar II of Bohemia burned it down in 1270. Under King László IV, it became a royal free borough in 1277, adding to it the Lővérek area of Petcheneg archers. The town was granted numerous privileges by the kings of Hungary over the centuries. After the Mohács defeat (1526), it was visited several times by Turkish troops. A number of Diets were held at Sopron (1553, 1622, 1625, 1634, and 1681). Several kings of Hungary were crowned there. Humanism became popular in the town in the 17th century. Sopron suffered a lot from the Kuruc sieges. In 1808 János (John) Kis and others founded the still functioning Hungarian Society (Magyar Társaság). Sopron became one of the centers for Ferenc (Francis) Kazinczy’s language reform and Count István (Stephen) Széchenyi’s reform ideas were eagerly adopted. During the War of Independence against Habsburg rule (1848-1849), the Austrian forces first marched into Sopron in 1848. As a result of the Dictated Peace Treaty of Trianon in 1920, the town was first ceded to Austria (the former partner in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy). Because of the nationalistic feelings of the people of Sopron, a plebiscite was held to decide where the town should belong (according to the Agreement of Venice, 13 October 1921). It was held on 4 December 1921, with the result that 72.7% voted to remain in Hungary; Sopron was solemnly handed over to Hungary on 1 January 1922. Ever since, Sopron, with its patriotic citizens, has been called civitas fidelissima (the most faithful town). Sopron suffered much during World War II, it was bombed several times. The Soviet Army captured the city on April 1, 1945. On 19 August 1989, it was the site of the Pan-European Picnic, a protest on the border between Austria and Hungary, which was used by over 600 citizens of East Germany to escape to the West, which was followed by the mass flight of East German citizens that ultimatelly led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989. – B: 1068, 1031, 1582, 1789, 1816, 7456, T: 7456.→Civitas Fidelissima; Sopron Division; Freedon Fight of 1848-1849; Kazinczy, Ferenc; Széchenyi, Count István; Pan-European Picnic. Directory: sites -> default -> files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations files -> Nstructions for Acquiring Excess Equipment online, through the 1033 Program files -> Occupational health and safety files -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Program files -> International programs roel profile files -> Fermi Questions a guide for Teachers, Students, and Event Supervisors Lloyd Abrams, Ph. D. 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