LIST OF FIGURE 2
ABSTRACT 3
1 INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 What Is A Bird Strike? 4
1.2 Bird strike accident 26 February, 1973 4
1.3 Factors needed to be taken into account to study bird strike 4
1.3.1 Birds Classification or Taxonomy 4
1.3.2 Effect of bird weights and density on strikes 4
1.3.3Unpredictable bird behavioural response 5
1.4 Bird behaviour that may create aviation hazards 5
1.4.1 Bird flight 5
1.4.2 Bird flight altitudes 5
1.4.3 Soaring and Gliding 5
1.4.4 Towering 5
1.4.5 Soaring and Gliding 6
1.4.6 Daily bird activities 6
1.4.7 Preventive Strategies 6
1.5 INTERESTING FACTS WE NEED TO KNOE ABOUT BIRD STRIKES 7
2 WILDLIFE-STRIKE COSTS 8
2.1 An Impact-Force Equation 8
2.2 Costs Of Wildlife-Damage To Aircraft 8
2.2.1 Jet engines 9
2.2.2 Piston, turboprop and turboshaft engines 11
2.2.3 Windshields 11
2.2.4 Wing and tail structures 12
2.2.5 Landing gear 13
2.2.6 Other components 14
2.2.7 Delayed-effect damage 14
2.3 Cost Of Aircraft By Striking Birds 15
2.3.1 Direct costs 15
2.3.2 Indirect costs 15
2.3.3 Ancillary costs 16
2.3.4 Hull-loss and fatalities costs 16
2.3.5 The total annual cost of bird strikes 17
3 WILDLIFE-STRIKE PREVENTION: THE SYSTEM SAFETY APPROACH 18
3.1 Shooting Birds: 18
3.2 Egg Oiling: 18
3.3 Overhead Netting and Grid Line: 19
3.4 Methyl Anthranilate (MA): 19
3.5 Drones: 19
3.6 Predators: 20
3.7 Avian Radar: 20
3.8 Landscape Management: 21
3.9 A border collie: 21
3.10 Lights on aircrafts: 21
4 GENERAL SOULUTION TO MINIMIZE THE BIRD STRIKE 23
4.1 The Airport And Surroundings 23
4.2 Air Traffic Service Providers: 24
4.3 The Pilots: 25
4.4 Air Operators: 28
4.5 Airframe and Engine Manufacturers: 31
CONCLUSION 34
REFERENCES 35