BRT Bus rapid transit
CHF Swiss Franc
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
EC European Commission
EEV Enhanced Environmentally-friendly Vehicles
EFFECT Energy Forecasting Framework and Emissions Consensus
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program
EU European Union
EV Electric vehicles
GDP Gross Domestic Production
GEL Georgian lari
GHG Green house gas
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
HC Hydro carbon
IEA International Energy Agency
ITS Intelligent transportation systems
LLC Limited Liability Company
LRT Light rail transit
LTA Land Transport Agency
MoE Ministry of Energy
MoEnv Ministry of Environment
MoESD Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development
MoRDI Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure
NOX Mono-nitrogen oxide
NTA National Tourism Agency
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PM Particulate matter
Ro-Mo Rolling Motorway
Ro-Ro Rolled-on and rolled-off
RUC Road user charges
SO2 Sulfur dioxide
TPD Transport Policy Department within the MoESD
TRACECA Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia
TWh Terawatt-hour
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VOC Volatile organic compounds
WDI World Development Indicators
List of Figures and Tables 3
Acknowledgement 5
Executive Summary 6
I.Introduction: Framing the Policy Questions 1
A.What is Green Transportation? 1
B.What is the Rationale for Green Transportation? 1
C.What is the Rationale for Government’s Involvement in Greening Transportation? 5
II.Defining the Goal, Principle, Instruments and Scope 8
A.Goal: Reduce Total Cost of Transportation 8
B.Principle: Influence and Improve Transport User Choices 8
C.Instruments: Tools to Influence and Improve Transport User Choices 9
D.Scope: Transport Network and Key Sub-sectors in Georgia 13
III.Policy Framework for Green Transportation in Georgia 16
A.Integrate Environmental Concerns into Transport Policy 16
B.Achieve and Maintain a Greener Vehicle Fleet 21
C.Promote Low Emission Freight Transport Modes 31
D.Support Commercial Development of Intercity Passenger Transport Services 39
E.Transform Minibuses and Taxis into Modern Urban Transport Modes 45
F.Support Sustainable Development of Urban Transport 51
IV.Summary and Roadmap of Priority Actions 57
A.Summary of the proposed Green Transportation Policy Framework 57
B.Business-As-Usual vs. Green Transportation Scenarios 59
C.How to Implement the Policy Framework: Roadmap for Green Transportation 65
ANNEX 1: EFFECT Analysis Methodology 69
AEFFECT: Energy Forecasting Framework and Emissions Consensus Tool 69
D.Data used in the analysis 71
E.Assumptions used in the analysis 83
ANNEX 2: London’s Electric Vehicle Deployment Program 86
APolicy Drivers 86
F.Charging Infrastructure 86
G.Vehicle Technology 87
H.Implementation 87
ANNEX 3: Review of Vehicle Replacement and Retrofit Programs 89
AScrapping and Relocation Programs 89
I.Vehicle Replacement 90
J.Retrofit Programs 91
References 93