Republic of Armenia Leveling the stem playing Field for Women
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Contents Acknowledgments 4 List of Acronyms 5 Executive Summary 6 I. Women and Work: Europe and Central Asia 9 II. Women in Armenia: Overview of Trends 12 II.1 Armenia’s Global Gender Gap score 12 II.2 Armenia’s Legal Framework for Gender Policy 16 II.3 Imbalanced Sex Ratios in Armenia 17 II.4 Armenian Women’s Access to Land and Finance 17 III. Why STEM is Important for Women in Armenia 19 IV. Barriers to Translating Academic Success into Labor Market Participation 21 V. Women and Education in Armenia 23 V.1 Overview of Armenia’s Educational Structure 23 V.2 Overview of STEM Education in Armenia 25 V.3 TUMO Center for Creative Technologies 27 V.4 Barriers to Women’s Education in Armenia 28 V.4.1 Access 28 V.4.2 Information asymmetries 29 V.4.3 Institutional failures in implementation 29 V.4.3.1 Mainstreaming action on equality between women and men 29 V.4.3.2 Textbooks 30 V.4.3.3 Teaching staff 31 V.4.3.4 Response to incentives for men 32 V.4.4 Stereotypes 32 V.4.4.1 Gender bias 32 V.4.4.2 STEM stereotypes 33 VI. Women and Work in Armenia 36 VI.1 Overview of Women’s Employment in Armenia 36 VI.2 STEM Jobs by Sector 37 VI.2.1 Information and communication technology 39 VI.2.2 Construction 40 VI.2.3 Mining 40 VI.2.4 Scientific institutions 40 VI.2.5 Electricity 40 VI.3 Barriers to Women’s Employment in Armenia 41 VI.3.1 Time constraints 41 VI.3.2 Systems failure 42 VI.3.2.1 Stereotype threat: What is women’s work? 42 VI.3.2.2 STEM fields and the “hungry engineer” 44 VI.3.2.3 Workplace practices 45 VI.3.2.4 The glass ceiling 46 VII. Conclusions: What Can Be Done to Improve Equality of Opportunity and Outcomes in STEM? 47 ANNEX 1: Explaining Inequality between Men and Women in Education and at Work 50 Explaining Inequality in Education 50 Access 50 Information factors 50 Educational failure: Systems 51 Stereotype threat 51 Explaining Inequality at Work 51 Time 52
Access 55 Access to land 55 Access to finance 56 Institutional and market failures 56 Information gaps 56 Structures 56 Bias 57 At home… 57 At work… 57 Summarizing the Relative Importance of These Factors in Combination 59 ANNEX 2: Overview of Qualitative Research Methods 60 Methodological Approach 60 Research Participants 61 Key Informant Interviews 62 In-depth Interviews with Employees 62 Focus Groups 62 ANNEX 3: Equity in Education and at Work: Global Best Practice 64 EQUALITY FOR MEN AND WOMEN AT SCHOOL 65 Changing Systems 65 Overcoming Stereotype Threat 66 STEM-Specific Policies 68 EQUALITY FOR MEN AND WOMEN AT WORK 72 Time 72 Access 73 Overcoming Market and Institutional Bias 74 The promise of behavioral design 74 STEM-Specific Policies 75 REFERENCES 77 Figures Tables Directory: curated curated -> Concept stage curated -> Concept stage curated -> Republic of Côte d'Ivoire Urbanization Review curated -> Report No: aus11011 Central America curated -> Report No. 94474-pk fiscal Disaster Risk Assessment Options for Consideration curated -> Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Costa Rica Telecommunications Sector Modernization Project curated -> Environment Impact Assessment For Jiangxi Shangrao Sanqingshan Airport Beijing Guohuantiandi Environmental Technology Development Center. Ltd. Oct. 2012 Content curated -> Growth through Innovation An Industrial Strategy for Shanghai By Shahid Yusuf Kaoru Nabeshima April 22nd, 2009 curated -> Report No: 70178. People's Republic of China Download 377.88 Kb. Share with your friends:
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