Acknowledgments 7
Executive Summary 8
Overview Chapter: Rethinking Ivorian Cities 12
Cities, Growth, and Productivity in Côte d’Ivoire 13
Urbanization: dynamics and policy responses 17
A typology of Ivorian cities: Global, Regional, and Domestic Connectors 21
Global Connectors 24
Regional Connectors 25
Domestic Connectors 25
Rethinking Ivorian Cities: Better Planning, Connecting, Greening, and Financing 25
Planning 26
Connecting 30
Greening 35
Financing 38
References 40
Chapter 1: Planning Cities 42
Current state of urban development in Côte d’Ivoire 42
Population growth 43
Urban infrastructure and access to basic services 44
The housing challenge 47
Main drivers of urbanization challenges 51
Outdated planning regulations 52
Parallel tenure systems 56
Undeveloped land: a public or private resource? 57
Preparing land for urban purposes 58
Delivering urban services 59
Affordable housing delivery 60
Looking ahead: priorities for action 61
Improving land market fluidity 61
Expanding service delivery 64
Simpler and more efficient planning 66
References 68
Chapter 2: Connecting Cities 70
Intra-urban mobility 70
Limited internal connections in Abidjan 71
Coordinating land use for intra-urban connectivity 73
Inter-urban connectivity 74
Road infrastructure 74
Transport costs 76
International connectivity 80
Maritime connectivity 80
Air connectivity 81
Rail connectivity 82
ICT connectivity 82
References 84
Chapter 3: Greening Cities 85
Why think about greening cities? 86
How green are Ivorian cities? 88
Urban pollution in Côte d’Ivoire effects productivity and livability 88
Unreliable basic services increase the social, economic, and environmental pressures of pollution from urban activities. 91
Coordination failures increase the costs of pollution from urban mobility and industrial activity 92
A green toolbox: instruments for decision makers 95
Building a data collection and dissemination platform 96
Improving the quality and coverage of basic services 98
Integrated planning 101
References 104
Chapter 4: Financing Cities 109
Moves to devolve responsibility and finance 109
Aims of decentralization of municipal services 110
Incomplete and inconsistent decentralization 112
Municipal finance and expenditures 114
Regulatory framework governing municipal finance 114
Total municipal revenues 115
Intergovernmental fiscal transfers 116
Local revenues and borrowing 119
Inadequate municipal finances for investment 121
Strengthening the system for municipal finance and expanding financing opportunities 123
Consolidating, harmonizing, and enforcing the legal and regulatory framework for municipal financing 125
Intervening to strengthen the intergovernmental fiscal framework 125
Strengthening the local revenue base 126
Following up on specific new areas for municipal financing 126
References 126
All dollar amounts are U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated.