It was the site of a victorious battle by the Honvéd army units against the Habsburg forces. – B: 1064, 1031, T: 7456. Vác, Bishopric and Chapter of



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Vajda, László (1) (Ladislas) (Budapest, 3 February 1923 - ) – Ethnographer and Africa researcher. His higher studies were at the Eötvös College of the University of Budapest, where he obtained a Ph.D. in 1947. He worked as an assistant professor at the Institute of Ethnography, Budapest. From 1955, he was an Associate at the same Institute. After the 1956 Revolution, he fled to West Germany. He settled in Munich and, from 1957, he worked as an assistant for the Ludwig-Maximilian-Univesität für Völkerkunde und Afrikanistic Department. In 1968 he became Professor of Ethnography at the same University. He retired in 1988. His special field of study was the formation and history of the African and nomadic cultures. Among others, his works include Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Hirtenkulturen I-II (Research into the History of Shepherd-cultures I, II)

1968). On the occasion of his 75th birthday a selected volume of his works was published (1999). – B: 1672, 1105, 1970, T: 7456.


Vajda, László (2) (Ladislas) (Budapest, 1878 - Berlin, 10 March 1933) – Film-script writer, actor, theater manager and theater director. He began his acting career in the countryside. Later, he worked as the Editor for the Tolnai World Paper (Tolnai Világlapja), and Theater and Life (Színház és Élet,) during 1905 and 1906. From 1908, he was Manager of the Hungarian Theater (Magyar Színház). During World War I, he worked as a dramaturge at the Corvina Film Works. He wrote a number of theater plays with Tamás (Thomas) Moly, István (Stephen) Bródy, Aurél Kárpáti, etc. From 1922 he lived in Vienna, and later in Berlin. He wrote silent film-scripts in Hungary and abroad, and directed quite a few successful feature films. He was a colleague of D. W. Pabst and was well known Europe-wide. His outstanding feature film was the Beggar’s Opera after Brecht’s stage work in 1931. His feature films include Rogue of the Village (Falu rossza) (1915); The Son of Nobody (A senki fia) (1917); Ave Caesar (1918); White Rose (Fehér Rózsa) (1919); Nameless Castle (Névtelen vár) (1920); Czardas Princess (German, 1927); Western Front: 1918 (Nyugati front: 1918) (German, 1930), and Love-express (Szerelemexpress) (German, 1931). His plays and translations of plays are often staged. His stage-management works include G. B. Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession (Warrenné mestersége), and Zapolska’s The Czarevich (Cárevics). His dramas include Actors (Színészek) (1905), and May-fly (Tiszavirág), co-authored with Bródy, music by A. Rényi (1915). His translations include Tolstoy’s The Living Corps (Az élő halott) (1911), Zapolska’s Warsaw Citadel (Varsói citadella) (1917). – B: 1445, 0883, T: 7456.→Bródy, István; Kárpáti, Aurél; Moly, Tamás.
Vajda, Mihály András (Michael, Andrew) (Budapest, 10 February 1935 - ) – Philosopher. He began his studies at the Lenin Institute, Budapest, and was taken on by the distinguished Marxist philosopher György (George) Lukács as his student in 1953. He continued his studies at the University of Budapest (1957-1960). He began work as a primary school teacher (1958-1961). From 1961 he was an Associate of the Philosophical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In the meantime, he was gradually estranged from Marxist ideas; he was dismissed from the school in Budapest in 1973, and lived from teaching languages, and from translations. He was a guest professor at Bremen from 1977 to 1980. In the 1980s, he was a guest professor on several occasions in New York. Later, he worked as a teacher in Siegen (1991-1992) and in Kassel in 1994. Finally, he was rehabilitated in 1989. From 1990, he became Head of the Philosophy Department at the University of Debrecen. Between 1996 and 2000, he was Director of the Philosophical Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences. Since 1992, he has been Editor-in-Chief of the journal Trouble (Gond). He earned his Ph.D. in 1992. He is engaged in problems of theory of science and history, and also deals with phenomenology, German philosophy of the 20th century, and the theory of totalitarian societies. He was one of the translators of Martin Heidegger’s work Existence and Time (Lét és idő), and researched his role in the history of philosophy. He became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 2001, ordinary 2007). His works include Critique of the Scientific Approach of Husserl’s Phenomenology (1968); Fascism as a Mass Movement (1976); The State and Socialism (1981); Russian Socialism in Central Europe (1989, 1992); Post-modern Heidegger (1993); No for Eternity (Nem az örökkévalóságnak) (1996), and In the Draft of Socrates (Szokrateszi huzatban) (2009). His distinctions include the Alföld Prize (1993), the Széchenyi Prize (1999), the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2005), and the József Hevesi Prize (2008). – B: 1031, 1257, T: 7456.→Lukács, György.
Vajda, Péter (Vanyola, 20 January 1808 - Szarvas, 10 February 1846) – Poet, pedagogue and naturalist. He studied in Sopron and Győr and later he studied Medicine; however, during the cholera epidemic in 1831, he was removed from the University because the charge of organizing a student demonstration was brought against him. For years, he lived from his own writings and editorial work. In 1838 he became an assistant editor for the paper Useful Amusements (Hasznos mulatságok) while, in 1834, he initiated the first educational journal in Hungarian, the Penny Magazine (Garasos Tár) in Leipzig and, in 1838, he founded together with Endre (Andrew) Kunoss, the journal Nature (Természet). He was the author of a number of scientific works and carried out translations; he also translated into Hungarian Cuvier’s Zoology (Állattan). In 1842, he became a member of the Kisfaludy Society, and the first secretary of the Natural Scientific Society (Természettudományi Társaság), but left it when the Society adopted the epithet “Royal”. From 1835, he taught in Szarvas, where he also organized song-days. Because of his moralistic speeches in the school, summarizing his plebeian democratic views, the government committed him for trial. His works include Correspondence in Pest, vols. i,ii (Pesti levelek I-II, (1835-1837); Botany (Növénytudomány (1836); Songs of the Homeland, vols. i-iv (Dalhon, I-IV) poems, short stories (1839-1844), and Death of Buda (Buda halála, drama (1867). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Kunoss, Endre.
Vajdaság, Hungarians in – Hungarians in the Délvidék, the Southern region of Historic Hungary. Today, under the name of Vojvodina, it is part of Serbia. During the Turkish occupation (1526-1686), it was devastated and depopulated. After the expulsion of the Turks, the Austrian Government repopulated the area with Serbs and Germans. Hungarians, who had escaped to the northern region of the country, were not allowed to return, but many of them managed it anyhow. At the end of World War I, the Versailles-Trianon Peace Treaty carved out this territory from Hungary, with 420,000 ethnic Hungarians – 32.5 % of the population – and ceded it to Serbia/Yugoslavia together with Croatia. The German population was approximately the same as the Hungarian, only 1/3rd made up the rest (Bosnian, Serb, Gypsy, Ruthenian, Coation and Jew). Then started the settlement of a great number of Serbs in this region. Ethnic Hungarians were exploited and oppressed, and their number has been constantly diminishing since then. Following World War II, with the consent of the Yugoslav Communist leader Josip Tito, the partisans indiscriminately massacred about 40,000 Hungarian men, women, and children. Before murdering them, the partisans usually tortured and mutilated their hostages with indescribable savagery. Several Hungarian villages disappeared at this time, such as Csurog, Mosorin and Zsablya, where the inhabitants were collectively declared criminals simply for being Hungarians. Survivors, who gave revealing eyewitness accounts in a document addressed to the Hungarian Minister of External Affairs at the time, described in detail the genocide unique until then in this part of Europe. Most probably, due to Soviet interference, there was no follow-up action. Even Prince-Primate Cardinal József Mindszenty’s petition about them – addressed to the same minister – was never answered. According to the 1981 census, 2,028,239 was the number of the population of the Autonomous Province of Voivodina, the number of Hungarian ethnic minority was 382,820, i.e., 18.9 %.

During the years following World War II, under the guise of the program “Fraternity and Unity”, invented only to blind the eyes of the Western world, the Tito regime methodically carried out ethnic cleansing that were substantiated by a rapidly diminishing Hungarian population. Increasing number of Serbs settled among the once significant unit of 11-12,000 Hungarians of Temerin. The new Serbian settlers armed with their assigned house credits and secure jobs, slowly pushed the local Hungarians to the fringes of every-day life. By revising the city limits and annexing the neighboring Serbian villages, the local government doubled the Serbian population, and the Serbs became the administrative decision makers, ruling, without exception, unfavorably toward the Hungarian inhabitants. They applied the same tactics in other Hungarian centers as well. The 1991 census showed another loss of 46,000 Hungarians in the former Yugoslavia. Their number dwindled, partly due to mixed marriages, and partly to their submission, based on fear. The horrors of war still terrify the Hungarians living in the Vajdaság, resulting in an exodus of predominantly young people, mainly to dodge military service and participation in the civil war of the disintegrating Yugoslavia. – B: 1031, 1020, T: 3240.→Atrocities against Hungarians.


Vajk (Bajk) (Esztergom, ca 975 - Székesfehérvár, 15 August 1038) – Hungarian Reigning Prince. Ancient name of the son of Prince Géza-István and Saroldu, who later became King István I (St. Stephen) after conversion to Christianity. The chronicles of contemporary Bishop Thietmar of Mersenburg, record him by the name of Vajk. The name appears in many regions: a village name in the county of Nyitra (Lúcnica and Zitvon), county of Bratislava (Pozsony now in Slovakia) as Vajka (Vojka nad Dunajom) and in the county of Tolna as Vejke. In documents of the Árpád era there is a Vojk clan mentioned, from which the Voikffy family name originates. – B: 0942, 1078, 1138, T: 7658.→István I, King.
Vajna, Andrew George (born Vajna András György) (Andy) (Budapest, 1 August 1944 - ) – Film producer. In 1956, he left Hungary alone – at the age of 12. He appeared in America and completed his studies in Los Angeles, California, USA. He started working as a hairdresser, then as wig maker, and later as a blue-jeans manufacturer. Then he became a film producer in Hong-Kong, where he made the world’s first Kungfu film, the prototype of a very successful series. His idea was the production of the Rambo Series with Sylvester Stallone, then the Terminator Series with Arnold Schwarzenegger. The next success was the Basic Instinct with Sharon Stone, created from the script of the Hungarian Joe Eszterhás. Recently, Vajna has produced some of his films in Hungary, such as Music Box, Evita, Spy Games, and the I Spy. The film, The Collateral Damage is about the tragedy of 11 September 2001. His latest film is Freedom Fury in 2006, made in memory of the Hungarian Revolution and Freedom Fight of 1956. His Hungarian firm is the InterCom, founded in 1989. He is a world-renowned film director, with more than 40 feature films to his credit. On 15 January 2011, the Hungarian government appointed him Government Commissioner in charge of the Hungarian film industry. – B: 1031, 1037, T: 7103.→Eszterhás, Joe.
Vajna, Gábor (Gabriel) (1891-1946) – Politician. After World War I, he served at the Viennese Embassy, later at the Ministry of Defense. In 1924 he retired from the Army as a Major, and became Director of the Gunpowder Factory of Fűzfő. In 1939 he became a Member of Parliament with a National Socialist program. He exposed several sabotage actions of the Resistance, and introduced anti-Jewish measures. He was one of the leaders of the right-wing Arrow Cross Party, and close adherent of the national-socialist leader Ferenc (Francis) Szálasi. From 16 October 1944, he was Minister of the Interior in the Szálasi Government. After World War II, in Communist Hungary under Soviet military occupation, the “People’s Court” sentenced him to death as a “war criminal”, and was executed. – B: 1984, T: 7456.→Szálasi, Ferenc.
Vajna, Vilmos (William) (Dés, now Dej, Romania, 3 December 1854 - Budapest, 18 April 1932) – Physician and dentist. He received his Medical Degree from the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) in 1879. He was a demonstrator there in the Dermatological Clinic from 1879 to 1884; thereafter, he was a research student in the Dental Institute; he became Professor of Dentistry at the University of Budapest in 1891. From 1894, he was a private practitioner in the Hungarian Capital, and the designer of numerous instruments such as lever and protector. His works include On Tooth Extraction (A foghúzásról) (1893). – B; 1730, T: 7456.
Vajta, Vilmos (William) (Kecskemét, 15 June 1918 - Alingsas, Sweden, 20 October 1998) – Lutheran theologian and writer. He studied Theology at Sopron University and at the Universities of Stockholm, Uppsala and Lund. He was ordained in 1940. In 1941 he became Pastor for the Hungarian settlers in Sweden. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Lund. His dissertation title was: Die Theologie des Gottesdienstes bei Luther. From 1953 to 1964, he was Head of the Theological Section of the Lutheran World Federation in Geneva. He was its Representative at the II Vatican Council (1963-1965). From 1964 on, he was Founder and Director of the Ecumenical Research Institute at Strasbourg, then a research professor until 1981. He taught Lutheran Theology at the University of Lund. He was a specialist in the Theology of Diacony (A Diakónia Teológiája). Among his numerous works, several appeared in Hungarian. He regularly wrote in the Traveling Companion (Utitárs); Christian Religious Life (Lund 1946); Christian Belief (Keresztyén hitélet) (1946), and Communion of Christ and the Community of Saints in Luther’s Theology (Communio Krisztus és a szentek közössége Luther teológiájában) (1993), and also his selected writings: While We Have Time (Amig időnk van) (1998). His other works include Luther on Worship (1958); Die Theologie des Gottessdienstes bei Luther (1958); Die evangelisch-lutherische Kirche, Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, edited by him (1977, 1983); Luther on Worship (Philadelphia 1958); Interkommunion mit Rom? (1969), and Évangile et sacrement (Paris, 1973). He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Theological Faculty of the University of Kiel, and by the Lutheran Theological Academy of Budapest. He was one of he leading and influential Lutheran theologians in modern times. – B: 1050, 1672, T: 7456.

Vak Bottyán→Bottyán, János (1).
Vál (middle of 10th century) – According to the 40th chapter of On the administration of the Empire (De administrando imperio) by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, Porphyrogennetos, “Born in purple” (913-959), Vál was the grandson of Árpád, son of Jutas. By 949-952, the chronicles record Vál as the “present” ruler, while he may actually have been the guardian of the young Taks who, according to the Hungarian chronicles, was the direct descendant of Zoltán. They do not even mention Vál. His name may have been synonymous with Bulcsú, as noted in the Hungarian chronicles. Vál was preserved as the name of a village in County Fejér. – B: 0942, T: 7658.
Válaszút Comedy – (Comoedia Válaszutiana) drama about a fictitious religious dispute. It was written around 1572, and dealt with the Reformed-Unitarian disputes, probably in the town of Válaszút, situated between Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) and Dés (now Dej, Romania). Its historical basis was a polemical writing sent by a Unitarian congregation via Ferenc (Francis) Dávid to Péter Méliusz Juhász. David was invited to the Debrecen Reformed Synod in 1567. Thus the characters portrayed in it are easily identifiable. – B: 1136, T: 7617.→Dávid, Ferec; Méliusz Juhász, Péter.
Val d’Anniviers, Myth of Hun Origin, Switzerland – Local tradition believes that Attila’s Huns founded some villages in the Anniviers Valley, Canton Wallis, and South Switzerland. The citizens of Hüniken, Viscoye, Pinsec, St Luc, St Jean and Gri­mentz, about 2,000 persons, profess to be Hun descendants. Their present language is French mixed with Italian, in which there are also apparent similarities to Hungarian language peculiarities. Their mon­goloid features - of which even last century’s globetrotters wrote - are barely visible today. The ancient custom of the funeral feast, the cult of the dead, are extinct already, but their folk art, especially the Alpine chapels and the orna­ments on the gables of houses show many identical features to those of the Szeklers.

This question has greatly preoccupied European history researchers. A whole literature arose on this theme, such as Ferenc (Francis) Toldy: Hun Myths in the Hel­vetian Snowy Mountains (Hun mondák a Hel­vetian havasokban), an essay published in 1834; Anton Karl Fischer: Die Hunnen in schweizerischen Eifisch Tal und ihre Nachkommen bis auf die heutige Zeit (The Huns in the Swiss Eifisch Valley and their Descendants to the Present Time), published in 1896; Bernard Savioz, the French writer, native of Pinsec village, published a book: Valaisans, descendants d'Attila (The Wallis People, Descendants of Attila). In the 1960-s Jenő (Eugene) Muzsnay published several books on this question.



1n addition to the results of etymological re­search, runic signs found in Pinsec not long ago, as well as blood tests carried out by the Japanese, indicate a definite Asian origin. – B: 1078, 1020, T: 7669, 7617.→Eifischthal, Hun Runic Writing at; Toldy, Ferenc; Muzsnai, Jenő; Hungarian Runic Script.
Valentinus Ungarus (Bálint Hadnagy) (15-16th century) – Pauline monk. He was educated in the monastery at Budaszentlőrinc. His interest was Theology and Astronomy. From his works only a part of his astrological work and a church historical excerpt survived. The latter is entitled: Prodigia Sancti Pauli primi eremitae (The Miracles of St Paul the Hermit). It reached two publications, one at Krakow in 1501, and another in Venice in 1511. This was bought by Hungary in 1935, and it is in the possession of the Ervin Szabó Library, Budapest. – B: 1136, T: 7103.
Váli, A(lbert) Ferenc (Francis) (Budapest, 25 May 1905 - Amherst MA, USA, 19 November 1984) – Lawyer, historian and author. He obtained his Doctorate in Law from the University of Budapest in 1927, and a Doctorate in Political Sciences from the University of London, in 1932. From 1935, he was on the teaching staff of the Law School of the University of Budapest. During World War II, the Government posted him to Istanbul, Turkey, on a secret mission to make contact with the Allied Powers. From 1943 to 1946, he lectured on International Law at the University of Istanbul. After the War, he returned to Hungary, where he was an International Law adviser to the Ministry of Finance, and taught at the University of Budapest. In early 1949, both of his works were banned by the Communists. In 1951, he and his wife were arrested for his western connections. His wife remained in prison for three years. Vali was provisionally released on 18 October 1956. During the Revolution, he was recalled to the University, and helped reorganize the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After the crushed Revolution, Váli and his wife escaped to Austria, and later, to England. He did research work in London, Paris and The Hague, and after the end of 1957, in New York and Washington. From 1958 to 1961, Váli was a Research Associate at the Harvard Center for International Affairs. From 1962 to his retirement in 1975, he worked for the Government Department at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. In 1957 and 1958, he took an active part in the work of the Hungarian Committee, and in the clarification of the international legal bearings of the Hungarian question. In his studies in English, he dealt with international law and on problems connected with Hungary. He published several books in Hungarian, German and English. His works include The Hungarian Revolution and International Law (New York, 1959); Rift and Revolt in Hungary (Harvard, 1961); Nationalism Versus Communism (Cambridge, MA, 1961); The Future of Germany (Germany, 1967), and Bridge Across the Bosporus, (The Johns Hopkins Press, 1971). – B: 1031, T: 7103.
Váli, Mari (Mrs. József Peti) (Komárom, 17 November 1840 - Pápa, 17 May 1915) –Writer of memories. As niece of the great writer Mór (Maurice) Jókai, after the early death of her husband and child, she moved to the Jókai household and helped in the housekeeping. During her uncle’s lifetime, she began writing her reminiscences, in which she immortalized Jókai’s everyday life, his relationship to members of his family with a keen capacity for observation. The voluminous manuscript is kept in the National Széchényi Library, Budapest; only selections of it have so far been published. Mari Váli’s work is entitled My Memories of Mór Jókai, published by Sándor (Alexander) Lukácsy (1955). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Jókai, Mór.
Valkó, Imre (Emeric) (Abony, 1 September 1902 - Boston, USA, 2 March 1975) – Chemist. He completed his secondary school studies at the Ferenc (Francis) Kölcsey High School, Budapest; his higher studies were completed at the University of Vienna. During 1928 and 1929, he worked as the research engineer at the Hungarian Rubber Factory in Budapest. From 1929 to 1938, he was a research scientist at the laboratory of the I.G. Farbenindustrie of Ludwigshafen, Germany. During these years of research work, he published the study on colloid chemistry with Wolfgang Pauli, while in 1937, he published an independent work on the colloid chemical basis of textile-improvement. In 1939, after a brief visit to Hungary, he moved with his family first to Canada, and then to the USA. During his years in the USA, he was mainly engaged in textile chemistry; at first he led the research laboratory of Drew Co. and a little later he became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His name became widely known through his article in the 1932-volume Kolloidzeitschrift; his article is co-authored with K.H. Meyer and G. von Susich, in which they solved the riddle of the elasticity of rubber. The three authors showed that the large molecular structure of rubber allows stronger rearrangement when being stretched; it shifts into a state of lower entropy and lower transforming capability; on passing through this action, it tries to return into its original state according to the second law of thermodynamics. Valkó’s inventions in the fields of textile improvement and fabric dyeing are also considered important. In his later works he pioneered the use of natural fibers in place of synthetic fibers. He was awarded a number of scientific distinctions and he was a member of the New York Academy. – B: 1031, 1105, T: 7456.

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