Knowledge organisation by means of concept process mapping Knowledge organisation by means of concept-process mapping
Personal Information Management System PIMS Data Structures
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- 13.5.3Relational databases, in which all data is stored as relations or sets
- 13.5.5Spreadsheets as a basis for databases
- 13.5.6A possible classification of PIMS conceptual data structures
- Hierarchical Outlines Relational databases
- Mathematical models, statistics and matrix manipulation
- A very important issue: whose ontology
- Standardisation by committee (or by professional body, or by employer): top-down imposition
- Specialist programs which recognise or implement user-defined ontology
13.5Personal Information Management System PIMS Data StructuresWe go on to look at approaches to structuring data as a necessary precursor to knowledgeable derivation of information. 13.5.1Standard approaches to data and information management for individuals and small virtual teamsAn earlier paper (Gregory and Norbis, 2008) presented the hypotheses that individuals working in groups should be encouraged and educated to make better use of the available tools for information management and that the tools themselves should evolve into (or be replaced by) better ways of representing information and knowledge. See also (Sauermann, Bernardi and Dengel, 2005). Our earlier paper discussed the representation of personal data, suggesting that the ways in which data is stored on a computer influence how it can subsequently be used. We therefore identified several possible, or candidate, data representation approaches and analysed the consequences of choosing them. We suggested a classification scheme for tools based primarily on their data representation. We here reproduce and enhance the suggested categories. 13.5.2SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets consist of an array of cells, each of which can store a value or a formula. A formula relates the value of the current cell to other cells which can be considered as exporting their value to be used in the formula. Spreadsheets are a very powerful combination of the nearest approach to widely available end-user computer programming so far invented; and ways of storing (more or less) structured data in which the relationship between items of data is imposed by the use of formulae. The paper (Gregory and Norbis, 2008) introduced the idea of what it called a functional spreadsheet which simplifies and restricts the scope of spreadsheets to make them capable of formal representation. The idea was based on an insight documented in (Peyton Jones, Blackwell and Burnett, 2003). In the suggested functional spreadsheet approach, rows are hierarchically organized in an outline that groups and sub-groups the data. Cells are limited to contain only values (such as text labels, dates and numbers). Column and or row headers may contain the names of functions which may be applied either to all the values in a column or row; or to all the values in a group or sub-group defined as a hierarchical outline.
“ A relational system is one in which the data is perceived by the user as tables (and nothing but tables); and the operators at the user’s disposal (e.g. for data retrieval) are operators that generate new tables from old. For example, there will be one operator to extract a subset of the rows of a table, and another to extract a subset of the columns – and of course a row subset and a column subset of a table can both be regarded as tables themselves. The reason such systems are called ‘relational’ is that the term ‘relation’ is essentially just a mathematical term for a table. ” 13.5.4OutlinersAn outline is a hierarchical way to display related items of text to graphically depict their relationships. Outlining is a technique which may be implemented in general office programs or in specific computer programs known as “outliners”. An outliner is a program which stores and depicts outlines: a special text editor that allows text to be structured as an outline. Outliners are typically used for computer programming, collecting or organizing ideas, tasks or even project management. Outlining is the technique widely used in programs such as Microsoft Office PowerPoint, in which the main headings of a presentation appear as separate slides and on each slide appear points and sub-points. The same technique is available in a more powerful but perhaps less widely-used form in word processing packages such as Microsoft Office Word, which supports a very useful and underused Outline mode. In an outline, a data item is given meaning by being shown in its owning hierarchy. Thus a person’s surname is a component of a composite Contact object. The relative positioning of an item conveys meaning in that the label of the owner classifies or otherwise gives contextual information concerning the owned item; and the depth in the hierarchy gives some idea of the relative importance or significance of the item. Some programs allow a data item to participate in more than one hierarchy. Thus for example an appointment for a meeting can appear in an overall agenda or calendar, but also be linked to the name of each participant in the meeting. Effectively, the same datum is classified in more than one way. To the extent that knowledge is a product of the recognition by intelligent agents of connections between information otherwise not explicitly linked, this kind of tool can be used as a mechanism for storing relatively unsophisticated knowledge.
Natural language and textTablesSpreadsheets and functional spreadsheetsSpreadsheets add functional programming capability to data tables Hierarchical OutlinesRelational databasesLinking and multiple classification (Tagging)Graphs and graph theoryConcept mapsFormally, concept maps are graphs; the objects are nodes and the relationships are edges. The topic is extensively discussed by (Friedman and Smiraglia, 2013). Mathematical models, statistics and matrix manipulationHere there are a number of candidate data approaches, including categorical data analysis and clustering. Specific PIM (Personal Information Management) programsSemantic web and web scienceOther approaches include object oriented databases, XML documents, RDF and OWL See (Davies, Studer and Warren, 2006). Two possibilities exist when applying semantic web approaches to personal information: either specialist PIM software or services which incorporate semantic web techniques; or systems which apply semantic web techniques to pre-existing data stored on a specific computer. The latter approach is referred to as the semantic desktop (Sauermann, 2005; Sauermann, Bernardi and Dengel, 2005). Enhancing the usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resources might be achieved by:
§14Documents “marked up” with semantic information (an extension of the HTML tags used in today’s Web pages to supply information for Web search engines using web crawlers). This could be machine-understandable information about the human-understandable content of the document (such as the creator, title, description, etc., of the document) or it could be purely metadata representing a set of facts (such as resources and services elsewhere in the site). (Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc.) Semantic mark-up is often generated automatically, rather than manually. §15Common metadata vocabularies (ontologies) and maps between vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied metadata (so that Author in the sense of ‘the Author of the page’ won’t be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of a book review). A very important issue: whose ontology?If we accept the necessity for imposing some sort of classification mechanism to achieve accuracy and precision in searching for information, the next question which inevitably arises is “whose ontology shall we adopt?” We can identify three broad and overlapping alternatives: Standardisation by committee (or by professional body, or by employer): top-down impositionThis is frequently done within communities of experts, such as pharmacists or medical practitioners. Emergent ontology - ontologies shared between workers in small, often virtual, groups: bottom-up conceptualisationThis situation is common in areas of fast-changing technology or practice. A common vocabulary and classification system “emerges” and almost imposes itself. Evolution, when it occurs, is ad hoc. Specialist programs which recognise or implement user-defined ontologyDirectory: 2015 2015 -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 2015 -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d 2015 -> Police Militarization 2015 -> Medical Radiography Program 2015 -> 2015 ihbb championships: hs history Bowl Round 4 – Prelims First Quarter 2015 -> Desk review yemen 2015 -> Wrtp/big step · 3841 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, wi 53208 2015 -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad 2015 -> Rao bulletin 1 December 2015 html edition this bulletin contains the following articles 2015 -> Volume Ⅴ (2015) On The 2015 China Victory Day Parade Download 395.15 Kb. Share with your friends:
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