Практикум для студентов по специальности 09. 02. 03 Программирование в компьютерных системах углубленная подготовка
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Задание 4. Вставьте пропущенное слово: calculation, entertain, system, viruses, solve, experience, software, disk drive, database, hardware, breakage. 1. The … of one computer stopped the whole work of a company. 2. Yesterday my brother bought a … device: it’s a printer, a scanner and a fax. 3. If you want to look at the library collection, open this … program. 4. To install the driver, insert the CD into the … and follow the instructions of the computer. 5. If you have problems with your hardware or …, ask my friend Igor. He is a famous specialist, he has great …, he can … any problem. 6. Check your computer for … . They can spoil your …. 7. He uses the Internet only to … himself: he listens to the music, watches films and installs programs. 9. Computer can make … quicker than any calculator.
Weigh - ; pin head - ; wrist - ; to contain - ; neural networks - ; human brains -; identify criminals – ; to save - ; surf the Internet - ; tool - . 2. Прочитайте транскрипцию данных слов, найдите слова в тексте и запишите их. [kǝmpju:tǝ teknolǝʤi] - ; [ǝdva:ntiʤ] - ; [deinʤrǝz] - ; [ʤenǝreiʃǝn] - ; [indǝstri]. 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст «Computer Revolution» 60 years ago people didn’t even heard of computers, and today we cannot imagine life without them. Computer technology is the fastest – growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pin head. And the revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that we’ll wear on our wrists or even in our glasses and earrings. The next generation of computers will be able to talk and even think for themselves. They will contain electronic “neural networks”. Of course, they’ll be still a lot simpler than human brains, but it will be a great step forward. Such computers will help to diagnose illnesses, find minerals, identify criminals and control space travel. Some people say that computers are dangerous, but I don’t agree with them. They save a lot of time. They seldom make mistakes. It’s much faster and easier to surf the Internet than to go to the library. On-line shopping makes it possible to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money. E-mail is a great invention, too. It’s faster than sending a letter and cheaper than sending a telegram. All in all, I strongly believe that computers are useful tool. They have changed our life for the better. So why shouldn’t we make them work to our advantage? 4. Продолжите предложения: 1) The advantages of on-line shopping are… 2) The advantages of e-mail are…
1) Have you got a computer? 2) Do you think it’s a useful tool? 3) Can computer help you to do your homework? 4) Do you play computer games? 5) Do you think that computer is bad for health? 7. Прочитайте и переведите текст «The First Calculating Device» и скажите о каких первых вычислительных приборах рассказывается в нём. Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read. During the 17th and I8lh centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rale works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by Sir Isaak Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers. By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others — to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation. 
Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data. In the mid—1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to the proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the nature. 8. Прочитайте, переведите текст «The First Computers», и скажите, что вы узнали о первых цифровых и аналоговых компьютерах. Выполните упражнение. In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate. In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. Neumann's stored program computer as well as other machines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices. 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний. Цифровые компьютеры; технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров; ответственный за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное достижение; запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое напряжение; низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды, происходить; завершать; вычислять; хранить команды внутри компьютера; запоминать информацию; запоминать команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать дизайн; усиливать сигналы; выполнять вычисления. 9. Выполните письменно перевод текста «Some First Computer Models» по трем вариантам. Поменяйтесь вариантами, прочтите текст и выразите основную идею текста двумя предложениями. 1. Babbage's Analytical Engine. In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides. Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own "memory", due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator. The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage's idea didn't die with him. Other scientists made attempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay computer was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of Babbage's dream. 2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944) In 1944 in the United States, International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Professor Aiken. The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken's machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create ballistic tables used by naval artillery. The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are electromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power. 3. The ABC (1939-1942) The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on. The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assistant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuum-tube digital computers developed. Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages. 10. Прочитайте, переведите текст «Four Generations of Computers» и передайте кратко его содержание на английском (русском) языке. The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first generation computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) is an example of these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently. The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second generation computers, which used large numbers of transistors were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds, or millionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more reliable than first-generation computers. Advances in electronics technology continued, and microelectronics made it possible to reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds. Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 100 tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal. 11. Прочитайте и переведите текст об основателе компании «Майкрософт» Билле Гейтсе. Сделайте краткий пересказ текста. William Henry Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, in1955. He is an American business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation. Gates was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Allen, his partner in computer language development. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates together with Allen developed a version of the BASIC computer programming language for the first personal computer. In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft’s evolution from the developer of computer programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer in 1981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application software such as the Microsoft Word processor. Much of Gates’ success is based on his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy. Although Gates has accumulated great wealth from his holdings of Microsoft stock, he has been known as a tough competitor who seems to value winning in a competitive environment over money. Gates still continues to work personally in product development at Microsoft. Вопросы самоконтроля 1. Что такое инфинитив? 2. Назовите основные модальные глаголы.
Устное собеседование. Тест № 5 (см. приложение). Практическая работа №9 Технические сокращения. Единицы измерения. Неличная форма глагола: Gerund. Что такое оборудование? В результате изучения темы Студент должен знать: - неличную форму глагола – герундий; -функции и формы герундия; - активную лексику по теме. уметь: - находить в предложениях герундий, определять его функции и форму; - переводить тексты профессиональной направленности. Алгоритм работы 1. Прочитайте информацию о неличной форме глагола- герундий. Сделайте конспект. Герундий — это неличная форма глагола, которая выражает действие как процесс и образуется прибавлением окончания -ing основе глагола. Герундий является промежуточной формой между глаголом и существительным и поэтому обладает свойствами и глагола, и существительного. Употребление герундия: Герундий употребляется после следующих глаголов без предлогов: to begin, to start, to finish, to stop, to continue, to keep (продолжать) и др. Please keep sending us letters at this address. — Пожалуйста, продолжайте посылать нам письма по этому адресу. to like, to enjoy, to prefer, to mind, to excuse, to remember, to forget, to suggest, to avoid, to need, to want, to require и др. The results need being checked. — Результаты необходимо проверить. После глагола с предлогами: to apologize for, to thank for, to look forward to, to congratulate on, to insist on, to depend on, to object to, to be interested in, to be responsible for и др. We insised on continuing the experiment. — Мы настаивали на продолжении эксперимента. После существительного с предлогом: way of, reason for, process of и др. The way of using is indicated in the instructions. — Способ использования указан в инструкциях. После составных предлогов и словосочетаний: on account of — ввиду, из-за because of — из-за due to — благодаря, из-за with a view to — с целью (для того чтобы) despite — несмотря на/ We could not continue the work because of no raw materials being supplied. — Мы смогли продолжать работу из-за отсутствия поставки сырья. Свойства глагола у герундия
Indefinite Gerund выражает процесс в наиболее общем виде и действие, одновременное с действием глагола в личной форме. We prefer using new methods of work. — Мы предпочитаем использовать новые методы работы. We prefer new methods of work being used. — Мы предпочитаем, чтобы использовались новые методы работы. Perfect Gerund выражает действие, которое обычно предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме. I remember having given this instruction. — Я помню, что дал (давал) это указание. I remember having been given this instruction. — Я помню, что мне давали это указание. Чаще всего формы пассивного герундия на русский язык переводятся придаточными предложениями. Свойства существительного у герундия Герундий может определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном падеже: I insist on his (the inspector’s) coming as soon as possible. — Я настаиваю на том, чтобы он (инспектор) приехал как можно скорее. Перед герундием может стоять предлог: On receiving a letter we shall immediately take action. — По получении письма мы немедленно примем меры. Герундий употребляется: В качестве подлежащего: Reading is useful. — Чтение полезно. Как часть сказуемого после глаголов to finish, to start, to continue, to go on, to keep и др. He started reading the book. — Он начал читать книгу. Как предложное дополнение: I am fond of reading. — Я люблю читать. Как прямое дополнение: Do you mind my reading here? — Вы не против моего чтения здесь? Как обстоятельство времени: After reading he closed the book. — После чтения он закрыл книгу. Как обстоятельство образа действия: Instead of reading he went to the movies. — Вместо чтения он пошел в кино. Перевод герундия на русский язык Герундий может переводиться на русский язык: Существительным: We are interested in buying these goods. — Мы заинтересованы в покупке этих товаров. Инфинитивом: Everybody went on working. — Все продолжали работать. Деепричастием: On coming to the laboratory he got down to work. — Придя в лабораторию, он принялся за работу. Придаточным предложением: We regretted having done it. — Мы сожалели о том, что сделали это. 2. Выполните упражнения: Задание 1. Найдите в предложениях герундий и определите время, залог и его функцию. Переведите предложения. Smoking costs a lot of money. I will call you after arriving at the office. Please have a drink before leaving. I am looking forward to meeting you. Do you object to working late? Mary always dreams about going on holiday. Please excuse us for waiting too long. My favourite occupation is reading. We are interested in buying these goods. I have three shirts that need washing. They insisted on being sent the results of tests. What is the purpose of his going there? This letter requires signing. I am grateful for his helping me. I am grateful for his having helped me. We thank you for sending us your letter. The house wants repainting. Задание 2. Определите форму и функцию герундия в следующих предложениях. Переведите их на русский язык. 1. Не finished speaking and sat down. 2. Stop arguing and start working. 3. The children prefer watching TV to reading. 4. Walking is very useful. 5. I had no hope of meeting her here. 6. On seeing her parents the girl laughed. 7. He is thinking of leaving his job and going to America. 8. Did you hear of John’s having been sent abroad? 9. She is looking forward to reading his new book. 10. I don’t enjoy going to the doctor. 11. Grammar is the art of speaking, reading and writing. Задание 3. Преобразуйте предложения, употребив герундий вместо инфинитива. Образец: I like to read. I like reading. I like to skate. 2. I hate to read detective stories. 3. I think to send him a telegram. 4. I remember to tell you about it. 5. They stopped to smoke. 6. They prefer to stay at home in the evening. 7. He continued to speak to his friends. 8. He kept to talk about the events. 3. Прочитайте, переведите текст «Hardware Devices», подготовьте сообщения по теме. Выполните задания после текста. Webster’s dictionary gives us following definition of the hardware- the devices composing a computer system. Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
input hardware processing hardware storage hardware output hardware. Input hardware Input hardware collects data and converts them into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is hand-held device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer. Another type of input hardware is scanner, microphone and video camera. Processing hardware Processing hardware directs the execution of software instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing. Memory is the component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM. RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs. ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system. The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform. Storage hardware The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data hardware. The most common ways of storing data are hard disk, floppy disk and SD-ROM. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs. Floppy disk (diskette) is a plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25 and 3.5 Output hardware There are two types of output: soft copy and hard copy. Soft copy is information that is seen on a television-like screen, of monitor, attached to most computers. It is temporary; as soon as the monitor is turned off or new information is required, the old information vanishes. Hard copy is output printed in a tangible form such as on paper. It can be read without using the computer and can be conveniently carried around, written on, or passed to other readers. Types of output hardware are modem, printer, flash card, USB driver. Vocabulary: keyboard - клавиатура mouse - мышь to load - загружать instruction - команда error message - сообщение об ошибки input hardware – устройство для ввода информации processing hardware – устройство обработки данных storage hardware – устройство хранения данных output hardware – устройство для вывода информации button - кнопка memory - память to create - создавать soft copy - мягкая копия, изображение на экране hard copy - твердая копия, машинная (печатная) to attach - подсоединяться, подключать Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. What is hardware? 2. What does input hardware do? 3. What is the most common input device? 4. What are the main components of processing hardware? 5. What is the purpose of storage hardware? 6. What do you think is a hard copy?
1. Hard copy vanishes when we turn the computer off. 2. There are two types of input: soft copy and hard copy. 3. Processing occurs in the part of the computer called the mouse. 4. Information is stored in memory. 5. The more memory you have in your computer, the less operations you can perform. 6. Hard copy can be read without using the computer. Задание 3. Заполните таблицу, используя картинку. 
Задание 4. Переведите с русского на английский язык. 1. Одним из входных устройств является клавиатура. 2. К устройствам ввода относятся мышка, сканер, микрофон и многое другое. 3. Самая главная часть компьютера – центральный процессор. 4. Память помогает компьютеру хранить информацию. 5. Чем больше память в компьютере, тем больше операций можно выполнять. 6. Существуют 2 типа входных устройств: мягкая копия и твердая копия.
Computer a data processor performing substantial computation; a machine that thinks; an electronic machine that processes data under the control of a stored program. Data the information that is inputted with the program, and on which mathematical and logical operations are performed; things known or assumed as a basis for inference, reckoning, sliding scale, etc.; a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human or automatic means. Memory faculty by which things are recalled to or kept in the mind; the internal storage location of a computer; any device that can store data. Input device a) machines by which information is sent 10 the computer; b) the device or collective set of devices used for conveying data into another device; c) the terminal for an electrical input.
Output device machine by which information is received from the computer; the terminal for the output on an electrical device; the device or collective set of devices used for conveying data out of another device. Вопросы самоконтроля Что такое герундий? Назовите части оборудования компьютера по-английски. Форма контроля Устное собеседование. Практическая работа №10 Неопределённые местоимения much, many, few, a few, little, a little. Программное обеспечение компьютера. В результате изучения темы Студент должен знать: - неопределённые местоимения much, many, few, a few, little, a little; - активную лексику по теме. уметь: - использовать в устной и письменной речи неопределённые местоимения; - переводить текст профессиональной направленности. Алгоритм работы 1. Изучите теорию о неопределённых местоимениях little, a little, few, a few, much, many. little (мало) с неисчисляемыми существительными a little (немного) few (мало) с исчисляемыми существительными a few (немного, несколько) much (много) с неисчисляемыми существительными many (много) с исчисляемыми существительными
1. I'd like to say ... words about my travelling. 2. She gave him ... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had ... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt ... tired. 5. Let's stay here ... longer. I like it here. 6. There were ... new words in the text and Peter spent ... time learning them. 7. There was ... sugar in the bowl, and we had to put ... sugar there. 8. My mother knows German ... and she can help you with the translation of this text. 10. When we walked ... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 11. Have you got... time before the lesson? Задание 2. Переведите на английский язык: Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, много машин. Задание 3. Вставьте в пропуски much или many: 1. Please don't ask me ... questions. 2. How ... money have you got? 3. I never eat... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so ... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us ... letters from the country. 6. ... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7. ... in this work was too difficult for me. 8. He spent ... time writing his composition in Literature. 9. There were... plates on the table. 10. Thank you very ... ! 11. ... of my friends are preparing for their entrance examinations now. 12. I don't like ... sugar in my tea. Задание 4. Переведите на русский язык: 1. В стакане есть немного молока. 2. В тетради осталось мало чистых страниц. 3. У тебя много кофе? — Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по-русски. 5. У них здесь очень мало друзей. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения. 7. У Петра много русских книг и мало английских книг. 8. У меня есть немного времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. Я провожу много времени в библиотеке, потому что я готовлюсь к экзаменам. Задание 5. Заполните пропуски местоимениями much, many, little, few. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1) Very ... people know about it. 2) He is a man of ... words. 3) ... was said but ... done. 4) Say ... and do ... . 5) I... heard about the book but ... read it. 6) There isn't ... harm in it. 7) He has very ... knowledge of the matter. 8) ... is spoken about it, but ... believe it. 9) We have … friends in Leningrad. 10) There were very ... mistakes in his spelling. Задание 6. Вставьте одно из следующих слов в пропуски: 1. As the field survey shows, very … customers find the design of our goods attractive. a) little b) few c) much 2. We managed to capture … contracts last month. a) little b) much c) many 3. We have … time at our disposal. We must make a decision right away. a) little b) much c) many 4. There is very … data available about market trends in this region. a) a few b) little c) many 5. We spent too … time on routine meetings. a) much b) a few c) many 6. ‘Are there any seats on the next flight to Madrid?’ ‘Yes, there are ….’ a) little b) many c) much 7. I am beginning to get … worried about the situation. a) a little b) few c) many 8. We need … more time to think about your proposal. a) a little b) many c) a few 9. … insurance companies protect their customers against risk. a) a little b) many c) much 10. It takes one … money to join a credit union. a) a few b) many c) much 3. Прочитайте, переведите письменно текст «Types of Software», выполните упражнения после текста. A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general- purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computer’s memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can start to work. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver programs which, though, commonly go along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your main board to «understand» the newly attached part. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view. Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer’s memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet. Words: to complete - завершать to require — требовать equipment — оборудование to direct — управлять to conduct — проводить internal — внутренний control — управление specific — конкретный, определенный general-purpose — многоцелевой aid — помощь regard — отношение regardless — безотносительно, несмотря на memory capacity — вместимость памяти to install — устанавливать, встраивать, инсталлировать to transfer — переводить, переносить to provide with — обеспечивать чем-либо to secure — обеспечивать безопасность security — безопасность to develop — развивать, проявлять developer — разработчик to check — проверять attach — присоединять Web-browser — «браузер» (программа, позволяющая пользователю искать и считывать информацию с глобальной электронной сети Internet) peripheral — периферийный to boot — запускать to handle — управлять gimmick — зд. Приманка Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы. What is software? In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided? 3. What is system software for? What is an operating system — system or application software? What is a driver? What is application software? What is application software for? What is the tendency in application software market in recent years? What is the application of the communication soft ware? Задание 2. Найдите соответствующее определение словам: operating system, software, application software, system software. A) the programs and routines which allow a computer to operate; it usually consists of a group of programs which coordinate the software and hardware of a computer system. B) the programs or instructions executed by the computer. C) a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. D) any computer software which manages and controls computer hardware so that application software can perform a task. Задание 3. Вставьте в пропуск нужное слово operating system, software, application software, system software. Information provided by programs and data is known as …. Programs are sets of instructions, that make the computer execute operations and tasks. There are two main types of software: The … refers to all the programs which control the basic functions of a computer. They include operating systems, system utilities (e.g. an anti-virus program, a back-up utility) and language translators (e.g. a compiler - the software that translates instructions into machine code). The … refers to all those applications - such as word processors and spreadsheets - which are used for specific purposes. Applications are usually stored on disks loaded into the RAM memory when activated by the user. The … is the most important type of system software. It is usually supplied by the manufacturers and comprises a set of programs and files that control the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It controls all the elements that the user sees, and it communicates directly with the computer. In most configurations, the OS is automatically loaded into the RAM section when the computer is started up.
Назовите неопределённые местоимения в английском языке? Скажите в нескольких словах о программном обеспечении компьютера? Форма контроля Устное собеседование. Проверка перевода. Тест № 6 (см. приложение). Практическая работа №11 Местоимения some, any, no и их производные. Компьютерная грамотность. В результате изучения темы Студент должен знать: - местоимения и их производные; - активную лексику по теме. уметь: - образовывать производные от местоимений и переводить их; - переводить текст профессиональной направленности. Алгоритм работы 1. Изучите теорию о местоимениях some, any, no и их производных. Составьте предложения с производными.
2. Выполните упражнения. Задание 1. Заполните пропуски местоимениями some или any. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1) You will need time to prepare my lessons 2) I don't have ... money with me. 3) Please, give me ... more coffee. - I'm sorry, but there isn't ... more coffee. 4) I'm sorry, but I didn't have … time to prepare my lessons last night. 5) I didn't have ... stamps, so I went to the post-office to buy... 6) Please, put ... water in that case, the flowers are dying. 7) There are ... famous museums in that city but we didn't have time to visit... 8) The doctor gave me ... medicine for my cough. 9) There aren't ... students in the room at the moment. Задание 2. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах: Образец: Не told us something about his trip. Did he tell us anything about his trip? He didn't tell us anything about his trip. 1) There is someone at the door. 2) You left something on the hall table. 3) He will bring someone with him. 4) There is somebody in the next room. 5) He has something important to say to you. 6) There is something wrong with this telephone. 7) She gave us something to eat. 8) He spoke to somebody about it. Задание 3. Заполните пропуски местоимениями some, any, no, every и их производными. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1) Не found ... new words in this lesson. 2) I have ... living in that city. 3) She comes here ... day. You can find her in ... time between nine and six. 4) If you have ... against me, speak out. 5) Have ... more ice-cream. - Thanks, ... more for me. 6) ... day he comes here and asks me the same questions. 7) ... was ready. 8) I told you ... I had to tell. There is hardly ... to add. 3. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст «Computer Literacy».Выполните упражнения после текста. Fortunately, fewer and fewer people are suffering from computer anxiety. The availability of inexpensive, powerful, and easier-to-use personal computers is reducing the intimidation factor. As new generations grow up in the Information Age, they are perfectly at home with computers. Why are you to studying about computers? In addition to curiosity, you probably recognize that it will not be easy to get through the rest of your life without knowing about computers. Let us begin with a definition of computer literacy that encompasses three aspects: Awareness. Studying about computers will make you more aware of their importance, their versatility, their pervasiveness, and their potential for fostering good and evil. Knowledge. Learning what computers are and how they work requires coming to terms with some technical jargon. In the end, you will benefit from such knowledge, but at first it may be frustrating. Interaction. There is no better way to understand computers than through interacting with one. So being computer literate also means being able to use a computer for some simple applications. Someone else can write the instructions for the computer; you simply use the instructions to get your work done. For example, a bank teller might use a computer to make sure that customers really have as much money in their account as they wish withdraw. Or an accountant might use one to prepare a report, a farmer to check on market prices, a store manager to analyze sales trends, and a teenager to play a video game. If this is your first computer class, you might wonder whether using computer is really as easy as the commercials say. Some students think so, but many do not. In fact, some novice computer users can be confused and frustrated at first. Indeed, a few are so frustrated in the early going they think they never will learn. To their surprise, however, after a couple of lessons they do not only are using computers but enjoying the experience. A few students may be frustrated by the hands-on nature of the experience, in which they have a one-to-one relationship with the computer. Their previous learning experiences, in contrast, have been shared and sheltered - they have been shared with peers in a classroom and sheltered by the guiding hand of an experienced person. And do not be surprised to find that some of your fellow students already seem to know quite a bit about computers. Computer literacy courses are required by many schools and colleges and include students with varying degrees of understanding. That mix often allows students to learn from one another - and provides a few with the opportunity to teach others what they know Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы: What does being computer literate mean? What are the three aspects of the computers universal appeal? What is the best way to understand computers? What are the simplest applications of computers? What is the hand-on component of computer literacy? What are some novice computer users frustrated by? What is the first computer literacy skill? Is it possible for everyone to be computer literate? Do you need any special talents? What does allow students to learn from one another? Задание 2. Найдите эквиваленты слов из ряда б) словам из ряда а): а) availability, easier-to-use, Information Age, to get through the rest of life, computer literacy, technical jargon, interaction, to withdraw, teenager, a couple of lessons, one-to-one relationship, previous learning experience, fellow students, to learn from one another, to be perfectly at home with computers; б) компьютерная грамотность, доступность, век информации, прожить оставшуюся жизнь, снять с банковского счета, технический жаргон, взаимодействие, пара занятий, предыдущий учебный опыт, поделиться со сверстниками, однокурсники, учиться друг у друга, быть «на ты» с компьютером, легкий в использовании, подросток. Задание 3. Составьте вопросы к выделенным словам и словосочетаниям: Fortunately, fewer and fewer people are suffering from computer anxiety. As new generations grow up in the Information Age, they are perfectly at home with computers. Studying about computers will make you more aware of their importance, their versatility, their pervasiveness, and their potential for fostering good and evil. Learning what computers are and how they work requires coming to terms with some technical jargon. In the end, you will benefit from such knowledge, but at first it may be frustrating. There is no better way to understand computers than through interacting with one. Задание 4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях подходящими по смыслу словами: students, computers, enjoying, users, intimidation, knowing, simple, commercials, do, them. The availability of inexpensive, powerful, and easier-to-use personal computers is reducing the … factor. In addition to curiosity, you probably recognize that it will not be easy to get through the rest of your life without … about computers. So being computer literate also means being able to use a computer for some … applications. Or an accountant might use one to prepare a report, a farmer to check on … prices, a store manager to analyze sales trends, and a teenager to play a video game. If this is your first computer class, you might wonder whether using computer is really as easy as the … say. Some students think so, but many … not. In fact, some novice computer … can be confused and frustrated at first. To their surprise, however, after a couple of lessons they do not only are using computers but ... the experience. And do not be surprised to find that some of your fellow students already seem to know quite a bit about …. That mix often allows ... to learn from one another - and provides a few with the opportunity to teach others what they know. Вопросы самоконтроля Расскажите, как образуются производные от местоимений some, any, no. Что такое компьютерная грамотность, по вашему мнению. Форма контроля Устное собеседование. Тест № 7 (см. приложение). Практическая работа №12 Виды залога. Образование страдательного залога, употребление страдательного залога. Операционные системы. В результате изучения темы Студент должен знать: - виды залога, образование и употребление страдательного залога; - активную лексику по теме. уметь: - преобразовывать предложения в страдательный залог Алгоритм работы 1. Изучите информацию о страдательном залоге в английском языке. Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола: Present Indefinite: The letter is written. Past Indefinite: The letter was written. Future Indefinite: The letter will be written. Present Continuous: The letter is being written. Past Continuous: The letter was being written. Future Continuous: The letter will be being written. Present Perfect: The letter has been written. Past Perfect: The letter had been written. Future Perfect: The letter will have been written. Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета. Сравните: I bought a book, — Я купил книгу. The book was bought (by me). — Книга была куплена (мной) Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся: глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога: The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера. глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь): This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т. е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»: English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия): Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя. 2. Выполните упражнения: Задание 1. Переведите и определите залог и время сказуемого. Не left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. The film was much spoken about. New subjects will be studied next year. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has been already written by them. 9. He studies at our college. 10. You are working, aren’t you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this office? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o’clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o’clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we саmе. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made by children. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26. What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29. I am often asked at the lessons by the teacher. Задание 2. Переведите и определите залог и время сказуемого. 1. They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation was met at the airport. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9. I was told to wait in the reception room. 10. Your letter will have been answered by Monday. Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужные формы страдательного залога. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. The patient (take) to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read) because the pages (not cut), 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination. 9. Usually the floor (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children (take) to the circus-tomorrow. Задание 4. Перепишите предложения из активного залога в пассивный. 1. Nobody has used this room for ages. 2. We will give you the keys tomorrow. 3. Someone is interviewing Dr. Johnson at the moment. 4. By the time 1 arrived, someone had already opened all your letters. 5. We usually talk briefly about the problems of the family at dinner time. Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант This theatre ... (build) over 100 years ago. had been built has been built was built Is your car still for sale? - No. It...already (sell). has been sold had been sold was sold 3. Sometimes mistakes ... (make). a) are made are being made. have been made For the past few days 1 (work) in Jack’s office, as my own ... (decorate). a)have been working/ is being decorated worked/ decorated am worked/ is being decorated. While my friend ... (talk) to me, his wallet... (steal). was being talked/ was being stolen b) was talking/ was stolen c)talked/stole 6. Where is your friend Bob? — I don’t know. He ... (not/ seen) recently.
hasn’t seen didn’t see hasn’t been seen 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст «Operating Systems», выполните упражнения после текста. Подготовьте сообщение (презентацию) по теме. MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System-однозначная операционная система, разработанная в 1981году). This operating system was developed by Microsoft in 1981 for all IBM PC compatibles. Today it’s only used in old PCs. In this text-based OS, you communicate with the computer by typing commands that exist within its library. For example, some basic DOS commands include: DIR (Document Information Retrieval-документальный информационный поиск) shows a list of all the files in a directory, COPY-makes a duplicate of a file, DEL-deletes files. Windows. Most home PCs use Windows. Here are the most recent versions: With Windows 98, Internet access becomes part of the user interface. Its active desktop lets you find information easily with the same view of content on your PC, network or the Web. The system includes Outlook Express for e-mail, NetMeeting conferencing software, a chat program and a Web-page editor. It offers advancements such as USB and multimedia extensions. Windows Millennium is designed for home use. It includes new system safeguards and support for DVD, music players and mobile computers. Windows XP is an update to all Windows versions, with a new visual design. It's more secure and reliable. It offers support for the latest technologies. Windows 2000 is built upon the Windows NT architecture and designed for business uses. Windows Server 2003 (code name during development - Whistler Server, internal version - Windows NT 5.2) - the operating system Windows NT family of Microsoft, designed to run on servers. It was released on April 24, 2003. Windows 2007 is user operating system family of Windows NT, the next time out for Windows Vista and earlier Windows 8. Server operating systems in the same family supports Windows Server 2008 R2. Operating system went on sale in October 2009. According to web analytics to August 2014 the share of Windows 7 among those used in the world of operating systems for Internet access was 53.8 %. According to this criterion, it is in first place, beating in August 2011, the previous leader - Windows XP. Windows 2008 uses a new interface called Metro. Metro interface is focused on the touch screen, but does not exclude the use for non-touch PC. It’s gone on sale in October 2012. According to web analytics to January 2014 the share of Windows 8 in the world among those used to access the Internet ranged from 10.58 %. Windows 2010 is family of operating systems Windows NT, following the Windows 8.1 and developed by Microsoft. After Windows 8 system was number 10, bypassing 9. Among the most important changes was listed return usual "Start" menu, the function of virtual desktops and applications running Windows 8 in windowed mode. The first preliminary version of Windows 10 was released in October 2014. Pocket PC (Microsoft). This OS is developed for handheld computers (or palmtops) that use a stylus or a small keyboard for input. Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System-операционная система фирмы Apple для ПК, первая версия в 1984 году). The Mac OS combines the elegance of Macintosh and the power of UNIX. Large parts of the Mac OS are inside the System file and the Finder, kept in the System folder. The content of the System file is loaded automatically at start up and contains information which modifies the routines of the OS in the ROM chips. The Finder displays the Macintosh's desktop and enables the user to work with disks, programs and files. With the new Mac OS, you can create CDs and record DVDs. It also offers Internet capabilities, support for Java, and AirPort technology for wireless connections.
The IBM OS/2 Warp includes easy access to networks via modem, support for Java applications, and voice recognition technology. UNIX. This OS, designed by Bell Laboratories for minicomputers and workstations, has been, widely adopted by many corporate installations. From the very first, it was designed to be a multi-tasking system. It is written in Сlanguage. It has become an operating environment for software development, available for any type of machine, from IBM PCs to Macs to Cray supercomputers. UNIX is the most commonly used system for advanced CAD (Computer Aided Design-система автоматизированного проектирования) programs. Linux (Linus Torvalds) Protected under the GNU general public license, Linux is the open source, cooperatively-developed POSIX-based (Portable Operating System Interface for Computer-интерфейс переносимой операционной системы), multi-tasking operating system. Linux is used as a high value, fully-functional UNIX workstation for applications ranging from Internet Servers to reliable work group computing. Linux is available for Intel, Alpha and Sun SPARC platforms. Solaris. This is a Unix-based operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. Originally designed to run on SPARC (Standards Planning And Requirements Committee-комитет планирования стандартов) workstations, today Solaris also runs on many Pentium servers. It supports multiprocessing - many CPUs and processes on a single system. It includes Java technology, which allows Web pages to display animation, play music and interact with information. Задание 1. Прочитайте текст еще раз и назовите операционную систему по определениям: the text-based operating system used in older PCs the most secure and reliable version of the Windows family the OS designed for handheld computers the function of the Finder in Macintosh computer the meaning of multi-tasking' the OS written in Сlanguage and used on minicomputers and workstations the OS is freely redistributable under the GNU general public license the OS originally developed to run on SPARC workstations. Вопросы самоконтроля 1. Расскажите о страдательном залоге в английском языке. 2.Скажите какая операционная система лучше и почему?
Устное собеседование. Проверка письменного перевода текста. Практическая работа №13 Причастие настоящего времени. Типы драйверов. В результате изучения темы Студент должен знать: - причастие настоящего времени; - активную лексику по теме. уметь: - определять функции причастия настоящего времени; - переводить текст со словарём. Алгоритм работы 1. Изучите информацию о причастии настоящего времени (Participle I)в английском языке. Сделайте конспект. Причастие в английском языке представляет собой неличную форму глагола, соответствующую в русском языке причастию и деепричастию. Поэтому причастие выполняет в предложении функцию определения и обстоятельства. Причастие I, Participle I (причастие настоящего времени) образуется путём прибавления к глаголу окончания –ing, имеет активную (действительный залог) и пассивную (страдательный залог) формы:
В функции определения Participle I соответствует русскому причастию с суффиксами –ащ, -ящ, -ущ, -ющ, -вш. The man reading a newspaper was Мужчина, читающий газету, сидел у окна. sitting at the window. They looked at the flying plane. Они смотрели на летевший самолет. В функции обстоятельства Participle I соответствует русскому причастию с окончаниями –ая, -яя и переводится на русский язык деепричастием или придаточным предложением времени (когда, в то время как..), причины (так как…) и др.
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