ALEXANDER BELL – THE INVENTOR OF THE TELEPHONE

ALEXANDER BELL – THE INVENTOR OF THE TELEPHONE

2. Between 1868 and 1870 Alexander worked along with his father and studied speech and taught deaf children in Edinburgh. In 1870 he moved to Canada and the next year he went to the United States. In 1873 he was appointed professor at Boston University. He became interested in the mechanical production at sound, basing his work on the theories of Helmholtz.

3. It seemed to Bell that it was possible to convert the sound wave vibrations into a fluctuating (пульсирующий) electric current, and then that current, in its turn, could be reconverted into sound waves identical with the original at the other end of the circuit. In this way, sound could be carried across wires at the speed of light.

4. One day, while working with an instrument designed to carry sound, Bell automatically cried out to his assistant, “Watson, please, come here”. Watson, at the other end of the circuit on the other floor, heard the instrument speak and ran downstairs, beside himself with joy. It was the first telephone communication.

Why did Watson run downstairs beside himself with joy?

1… because he did not want to work alone.

2… because he wanted to go home.

3… because he heard the instrument speak.

Вариант 6

Задание 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на глагол “to be”.

1. The total length of the bridge consisting of three spans was to be 910 feet.

2. A new highway bridge is to be built here.

3. New sections of the St. Petersburg underground system are to be put into operation during the last year.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык следующую группу слов:

1. 
   A timber arch bridge
   
2. 
   Bridge design problems.
   
3. 
   The 300-metre concrete span.
   
4. 
   Prestressed concrete girder bridges.
   

Задание 3. Укажите суффикс, назовите, какой частью речи является и переведите:

To depend, dependence, dependent, independently;

To complete, completion, completed, completely;

Short, shortly, shorten, shortage.
Задание 4. Подчеркните модальные глаголы и переведите.

1. 
   Considerable time and study has to be given to the choice of the type of bridge best fitting the given conditions.
   
2. 
   The approach spans of the new bridge are to carry three lanes of traffic.
   
3. 
   Abutments may be classified according to their form.
   
4. 
   The roadway of the bridge should be made very wide in order to cope with future traffic.
   

Задание 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

(1735 - 1818)

Of all his inventions the design of a timber arch bridge over the Neva is of particular interest for bridge engineers.

It was a single span of 300 meters in length. The superstructure consisted of six arch lattice girders forming an integral unit.

Despite the sceptical criticism of his contemporaries he managed to prove to the members of the Petersburg Academy of Science that his daring idea was perfectly correct.

He made a model of his timber arch bridge, which was tested at the Academy of Science in 1776, the tests fully confirming the correctness of his computations.

For some years Kulibin was working at the design of an iron bridge over the Neva. The total length of the bridge consisting of three arches was to be 910 ft. The design was completed by 1813 but that bridge was never built either.

Only in our days one can fully appreciate the scope of engineering abilities of this talented man who had never had any technical training.

1. 
   What kind of bridge did he design?
   
2. 
   Where was the model of the bridge tested?
   

Вариант 7

1. 
   Plastics technology is said to mark a new era of molecular engineering.
   
2. 
   Plastics are a material to be widely used in industry.
   
3. 
   We know plastics to be used as insulation for electric appliances.
   
4. 
   Plastics are known to resist high temperature very well.
   
5. 
   We want our buildings to be not only comfortable but beautiful as well.
   
6. 
   Lebedev was the first to organize production of synthetic rubber.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения; переведите их, учитывая разные возможности передачи герундиальных оборотов на русский язык:

1. 
   Adding heat does not always cause a rise in temperature.
   
2. 
   Adding heat to a boiling liquid, we make it change its state without changing its temperature.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите и переведите следующие сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. 
   If you observe the rules of operating this machine, you will be able to increase its productivity.
   
2. 
   If I were a designer of cars, I should think of more extensive application of plastics for binishes (отделка).
   
3. 
   If the resistance of plastics had not been so high they would have been attacked by inorganic acids.
   

Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите текст.

PLASTICS MATERIALS

The ancestor of modern synthetic plastics is celluloid. The principal agent incorporated in a plastic is the resin.

Plastics are known to be used in a variety of ways .By their chemical properties plastics are generally more resistance to environments which attack common engineering materials such as steel, wood and rubber.

Much more than metals plastics easily combine with other materials like wood, fibres and paper. Plastics are good thermal and electric insulators, all having dielectric strength. The advantages of the plastic material include the combination of light weight with good strength.

Plastics have found wide application both in everyday life and in industry. We can hardly name a branch of industry where plastics are not applied.

The insulation and dielectric properties of plastics led to their use in the electrical engineering industry.

Why is the use of plastic materials in road and railway transport becoming a common part of the design?

1. 
   The use of plastic materials in road and railway transport is becoming a common part of design because they are good thermal and electrical insulators.
   

3. The use of plastic materials in road and railway transport is becoming a common part of design because their advantage is heavy weight, non-resistance to mechanical damage.

Вариант 8

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов “should”, “would”:

1. 
   Measures should be taken to ensure high reliability of instruments installed in spaceships.
   
2. 
   The launching of space rockets would not have been possible without the necessary polymeric materials.
   
3. 
   We should not be able to solve the problem of protecting equipment against solar radiation if we had no materials with unique properties.
   
4. 
   The engineer said that the increase in plastics production would proceed on the basis of further automation of production processes.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные, герундиальные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям:

1. 
   Using this method is became possible to produce rubber which, when processed in a certain way, can double the life of tyres.
   
2. 
   Having studied the properties and composition of the new materials scientists made attempts to determine their exact molecular weights.
   
3. 
   Atoms are believed to consist of three elementary particles: electrons, protons and neutrons.
   
4. 
   This material is capable of withstanding high temperature and pressure.
   
5. 
   We know some metals to occur in a free state.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов:

1. 
   It is cost and often cost alone that determines the use of plastics in place of metals.
   
2. 
   Mechanical treatment usually results in changes in the properties of a metal as well as changes in its shape.
   
3. 
   Cosmic rays are supposed to be the only radiation reaching the earth.
   
4. 
   Unlike metals plastics have found major application in electrical industry due to their dielectrical properties.
   

2. The behavior of some materials under vacuum conditions had been studied. It was founded that such widely used coatings as cadmium and zink would be easily evaporated in vacuum, when heated. The phenomenon of evaporation of materials may cause trouble to electronic equipment and devices. Cadmium, zink and magnesium are the most dangerous in this respect. That is why they cannot be used in the construction of vehicles launched into space.

3. Some polymeric materials proved to change their properties under such conditions as well. This is mostly due to the rapid evaporation of components the polymers are made of. The use of new protective films and the proper selections of the necessary materials is the only means to ensure high reliability of instruments operating under low pressures.

4. Scientists consider polyamides to be the best polymeric materials. Thermoplastic polyamides process good technological properties and good casting ability. Because of a small shrinkage it is possible to directly cast precision parts of complex shapes.

5. The materials mentioned above can be used in industries as light and strong engineering materials. Their application in electric equipment enables us to considerably increase the reliability and lifetime of machines operating under severe conditions. Besides, the weight of electronic equipment is essentially reduced which is of great importance for aviation and space engineering.
Задание 5. Прочтите 5-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What additional advantages can we get using the new materials?

1… we can decrease the lifetime of the equipment.

3… we can decrease the weight of the equipment.

Вариант 9

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты:

1. 
   Every engineer considers electronic devices to play a great role in industrial control.
   
2. 
   The generator is a device to change mechanical energy into electric energy.
   
3. 
   Electronic devices are likely to find an over growing application.
   
4. 
   I heard our professor speak about the new device.
   
5. 
   The apparatus to be designed will be used at the power station.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастный оборот:

1. 
   Engineers use computers widely, the latter assisting in making calculations at a great speed.
   
2. 
   First computers being rather imperfect, scientists went on improving them.
   
3. 
   Having devised (изобретать) fast-acting computing machines, scientists make the most complicated calculation very quickly.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите, подчеркните герундиальный оборот и переведите предложения:

1. 
   By repeating experiments one gets more data which help arriving at right conclusions.
   
2. 
   In modern computers transistors are used for performing complicated operations.
   
3. 
   The car is loading by gravity through the top hatches and unloaded pneumatically through special discharge arrangements.
   

Задание 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните придаточные предложения условия.

1. 
   If you want to get an idea of a computer design, you can find a number of books on the subject in our library.
   
2. 
   If there were no computers, space flight, railway transport and many other achievements of modern science and technology would be impossible.
   

Задание 5. Перепишите текст и переведите его.

Railway transport has always been the main method of transportation in our country and distinguished by a high carrying capacity, relatively low transportation costs, high speed and regularity of deliveries. Besides, it is weatherproof, can be developed throughout the whole territory of industrial facilities of the country and ensures access to the majority of industrial facilities and construction projects.

At present, Russia railway transport is one of the major highly developed branches of the national economy.

An active use of latest achievements of science and technology and self-supporting arrangements contribute to a high performance of the rolling stock and other technical facilities and make for their enhanced economic efficiency and labour productivity.

A key role is played here by advanced railway divisions, enterprises and organizations, which develop and introduce high technology and progressive technological schemes to ensure an intensified use of transportation services.

Вариант 10

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив и переведите предложения:

1. 
   We heard the plant to be equipped with modern machinery.
   
2. 
   Vacuum tubes are assumed to be basic elements in numerous technical devices now in use.
   
3. 
   The useful work to be done by a machine is less than the total work to be performed by it.
   
4. 
   Transfer machines (автоматические линии) are known to be replacing old machinery in large plants.
   
5. 
   One of the graduates of our institute designed the equipment to be installed in this shop.
   
6. 
   The engineer wants the new devices to be tested in the laboratory.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая в переводе функцию зависимого и независимого причастного оборота:

1. 
   Many technical and scientific problems having been solved, the first spaceflight could be realized.
   
2. 
   Having solved many scientific and technical problems, our scientists, engineers and workers could launch the first spaceship into outer space.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные возможности передачи герундиальных оборотов на русский язык:

1. 
   Without understanding properly the major laws of mechanics it is difficult for the student to take part in research.
   
2. 
   The second law of motion provides scientists with a means for measuring forces, which is of great importance in planning the orbits for artificial satellites.
   

Задание 4. Перепишите и переведите сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия:

1. 
   If you are studying at the institute of railway communication, you must have been an excursion to a locomotive fleet.
   
2. 
   If they were sent to a plant, they would visit the assembly shop first of all.
   
3. 
   If you had handled (обращаться) the machine in the right way, you would have increased its productivity.
   

Задание 5. Перепишите текст и переведите его.

Вариант 11

Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово, оформленное окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет в предложении:

б) признаком мн.ч. имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. 
   My friend’s sister studies at an evening department of the Rostov University of Railway Communication.
   
2. 
   This scientist works in the field of physics.
   
3. 
   Not long ago he published some interesting articles on quantum generators.
   
4. 
   The building of the new modern cinemas greatly changes the appearance of this square.
   
5. 
   Great changes in the appearance of the district are due to new modern buildings.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на разные способы перевода существительных в функции определения:

1. 
   My friend knows chemistry not as well as his sister.
   
2. 
   Moscow is a more ancient city than Rostov.
   
3. 
   The more experiments scientists make, the greater is their knowledge of the structure of matter.
   
4. 
   A train does not travel as fast as an airplane.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите данные предложения; определите в них видовременные формы глаголов; укажите их инфинитив и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   A delegation of teachers from English colleges will arrive in our University tomorrow.
   
2. 
   Outstanding professors deliver lectures at Rostov University.
   
3. 
   Russian scientists made great contribution to world science.
   

1. 
   Let the students correct all the mistakes.
   
2. 
   Let us repeat the main English reading rules.
   

THE ROSTOV STATE TRANSPORT UNIVERSITY