COURSE OVERVIEW 2
HOW TO USE THIS STUDY GUIDE 2
1 Introduction 3
2 Objectives 3
3 Radiological Fundamentals 5
3.1 Atoms and Radiation 5
3.2 Radiation vs. Contamination 6
Review 9
3.3 Units of Measurement 10
3.3.1 Exposure and Dose 10
Review 13
3.3.2 Measuring Radioactivity/Contamination 14
Review 14
3.4 Types of Ionizing Radiation 15
Review 21
ANSWERS TO UNIT 3 REVIEW QUESTIONS 22
4 Biological Effects of Radiation 23
4.1 Effects of Radiation on Cells 23
Review 24
4.2 Acute and Chronic Radiation Dose 25
4.2.1 Acute Dose 25
4.2.2 Chronic Dose 27
4.3 Somatic vs. Genetic Effects 29
4.4 Prenatal Radiation Exposure 30
Review 31
4.5 Comparison of Risks 32
Review 34
5 Sources of Radiation 35
5.1 Natural Radiation 35
5.2 Human Sources 35
Review 38
ANSWERS TO UNITS 4 and 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS 38
6 Radiation Exposure Minimization - ALARA 39
6.1 ALARA Concept 39
Review 39
6.2 Responsibilities for the ALARA Program 41
6.3 Dose Reduction Practices 42
Review 45
ANSWERS TO UNIT 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS 45
7 Dose Limits 46
7.1 DOE Dose Limits and Facility Administrative Control Levels 46
7.2 Declared Pregnant Workers 46
7.3 Non-Radiation Workers 47
Review 48
8 Personnel Radiation Monitoring 49
8.1 External Dosimetry 49
8.1.1 Personnel Dosimeter 49
8.1.2 Self Reading Pocket Dosimeters 49
8.2 Proper Use of Dosimetry 51
8.3 Internal Monitoring 51
8.4 Access to Personnel Dose Records 52
8.5 Your Responsibilities Regarding Personnel Dose Records 52
Review 54
ANSWERS TO UNITS 7 and 8 STUDY QUESTIONS 55
9 Sources of Radiation at Jefferson Lab 56
9.1 Accelerator Produced Radiation and Radioactive Material 56
9.1.1 Prompt Radiation 57
9.1.2 Residual Radioactivity 57
9.1.3 Activation and Contamination 58
9.1.4 Survey Requirements 60
9.2 Non-Accelerator Sources 62
Review 62
ANSWERS TO UNIT 9 STUDY QUESTIONS 63
10 Radiation Controls in the Workplace 65
10.1 Radiation Control Department Responsibilities 65
10.2 Assigned Radiation Monitors 65
10.3 Types of Radiological Controls 65
10.3.1 Engineered Controls 66
10.3.2 Administrative Controls 66
Review 76
10.4 Your Responsibilities Regarding Radiological Controls 80
Review 83
ANSWERS TO UNIT 10 REVIEW QUESTIONS 85
11 Emergencies, Alarms, and Responses 87
11.1 Personnel Safety System 87
11.2 Emergency Situations 91
11.2.1 Beam-on Emergency 92
11.2.2 Non-Accelerator Radiological Emergency 92
11.2.3 Medical Emergency 94
11.2.4 Considerations in Rescue and Recovery Operations 94
11.2.5 Emergency Exposure Guidelines 95
Review 96
ANSWERS TO UNIT 11 REVIEW QUESTIONS 98
Appendix A: Instructions for Practical Factors Evaluation 99
Appendix B: Glossary 100